Information about Zona Limitans Intrathalamica
The zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI) is a transverse boundary located between the prethalamus (previously also known as ventral thalamus) and the functional distinct thalamus (dorsal thalamus.[1][2]
Besides its morphological characteristics, it bears the hallmarks of a signalling centre. Fate mapping experiments in chick have shown that the ZLI is cell lineage restricted at its boundaries and therefore can be termed a true developmental compartment in the forebrain.[3]
Besides morphological characteristics, the ZLI is the only structure in the alar plate of the neural tube that expresses the signalling molecule Sonic hedgehog; Shh.[4] In mouse, the function of Hh signalling at the ZLI has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in Shh mutants.[5]
Studies in chick have shown that Shh is necessary and sufficient for both prethalamic expression of Dlx2 and thalamic expression of Gbx2 and Sox14.[6] In zebrafish, the structure corresponding to the Shh expression has been termed as mid-diencephalic boundary (MDB)[7][8] but subsequently referred to as ZLI,[9] in keeping with pre-existing terminology for other vertebrates. In zebrafish, it was shown that the expression of two shh genes, shh-a and shh-b (formerly described as twhh) mark the ZLI territory, and that ZLI development is accompanied by expression of pro-neural genes: anteriorly of dlx2a, a marker of the prethalamus, and posteriorly of dbx1a, a marker of the thalamus.[8] Shh signalling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and Shh signalling from the ZLI in the alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable.[8]
The Zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI) expresses the Sonic-hedgehog (Shh) gene. The picture show a lateral view of the brain of a zebrafish embryo at 42 post fertilisation after double in situ hybridization with a probe against shh-a and dlx2a. The ZLI (red) marks the V-shaped boundary between the two Prethalami (PT; blue) and Thalamus (Th; yellow) in a pseudo-frontal view. by Steffen Scholpp[8]
The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος = bedroom, chamber, IPA= /ˈθæləməs/) is a pair and symmetric part of the brain.
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Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) is one of three proteins in the mammalian hedgehog family, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH).
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Besides its morphological characteristics, it bears the hallmarks of a signalling centre. Fate mapping experiments in chick have shown that the ZLI is cell lineage restricted at its boundaries and therefore can be termed a true developmental compartment in the forebrain.[3]
Besides morphological characteristics, the ZLI is the only structure in the alar plate of the neural tube that expresses the signalling molecule Sonic hedgehog; Shh.[4] In mouse, the function of Hh signalling at the ZLI has not been addressed directly due to a complete absence of the diencephalon in Shh mutants.[5]
Studies in chick have shown that Shh is necessary and sufficient for both prethalamic expression of Dlx2 and thalamic expression of Gbx2 and Sox14.[6] In zebrafish, the structure corresponding to the Shh expression has been termed as mid-diencephalic boundary (MDB)[7][8] but subsequently referred to as ZLI,[9] in keeping with pre-existing terminology for other vertebrates. In zebrafish, it was shown that the expression of two shh genes, shh-a and shh-b (formerly described as twhh) mark the ZLI territory, and that ZLI development is accompanied by expression of pro-neural genes: anteriorly of dlx2a, a marker of the prethalamus, and posteriorly of dbx1a, a marker of the thalamus.[8] Shh signalling is sufficient for the molecular differentiation of both the prethalamus and the thalamus but is not required for their maintenance and Shh signalling from the ZLI in the alar plate is sufficient for the maturation of prethalamic and thalamic territory while ventral Shh signals are dispensable.[8]
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The Zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI) expresses the Sonic-hedgehog (Shh) gene. The picture show a lateral view of the brain of a zebrafish embryo at 42 post fertilisation after double in situ hybridization with a probe against shh-a and dlx2a. The ZLI (red) marks the V-shaped boundary between the two Prethalami (PT; blue) and Thalamus (Th; yellow) in a pseudo-frontal view. by Steffen Scholpp[8]
References
1. ^ Kuhlenbeck, H (1937). "The ontogenetic development of diencephalic centres in the bird's brain (chick) and comparison with the reptilian and mammalian diencephalon". J. Comp. Neurol. 66.
2. ^ Shimamura, K.; Hartigan, D. J., Martinez, S., Puelles, L. and Rubenstein, J. L. (Dec 1995). "Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube". Development 121 (12): 3923-33. PMID 8575293.
3. ^ Zeltser, L.; M., Larsen, C. W. and Lumsden, A. (Jul 2001). "A new developmental compartment in the forebrain regulated by Lunatic fringe". Nat. Neurosci. 4 (7): 683-4. PMID 11426219.
4. ^ Puelles, L; Rubenstein, J. L. (Sep 2003). "Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model". Trends Neurosci (9): 469-76. PMID 12948657.
5. ^ Ishibashi, M; McMahon, A. P. (2002). "A sonic hedgehog-dependent signalling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo". Development 129 (20): 4807-19. PMID 12361972.
6. ^ Kiecker, C.; Lumsden, A. (Nov 2004). "Hedgehog signalling from the ZLI regulates diencephalic regional identity". Nat. Neurosci 7 (11): 1242-9. PMID 15494730.
7. ^ Macdonald R; Xu Q, Barth KA, Mikkola I, Holder N, Fjose A, Krauss S, Wilson SW. (Nov 1994). "Regulatory gene expression boundaries demarcate sites of neuronal differentiation in the embryonic zebrafish forebrain". Neuron 13 (5): 1039-53. PMID 7946344.
8. ^ Scholpp S; Wolf O, Brand M, Lumsden A. (Mar 2006). "Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon". Development 133 (5). PMID 16452095.
9. ^ Barth, K. A.; Wilson, S. W. (1995). "Expression of zebrafish nk2.2 is influenced by sonic hedgehog/vertebrate hedgehog-1 and demarcates a zone of neuronal differentiation in the embryonic forebrain.". Development 121 (6): 1755-68. PMID 7600991.
2. ^ Shimamura, K.; Hartigan, D. J., Martinez, S., Puelles, L. and Rubenstein, J. L. (Dec 1995). "Longitudinal organization of the anterior neural plate and neural tube". Development 121 (12): 3923-33. PMID 8575293.
3. ^ Zeltser, L.; M., Larsen, C. W. and Lumsden, A. (Jul 2001). "A new developmental compartment in the forebrain regulated by Lunatic fringe". Nat. Neurosci. 4 (7): 683-4. PMID 11426219.
4. ^ Puelles, L; Rubenstein, J. L. (Sep 2003). "Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model". Trends Neurosci (9): 469-76. PMID 12948657.
5. ^ Ishibashi, M; McMahon, A. P. (2002). "A sonic hedgehog-dependent signalling relay regulates growth of diencephalic and mesencephalic primordia in the early mouse embryo". Development 129 (20): 4807-19. PMID 12361972.
6. ^ Kiecker, C.; Lumsden, A. (Nov 2004). "Hedgehog signalling from the ZLI regulates diencephalic regional identity". Nat. Neurosci 7 (11): 1242-9. PMID 15494730.
7. ^ Macdonald R; Xu Q, Barth KA, Mikkola I, Holder N, Fjose A, Krauss S, Wilson SW. (Nov 1994). "Regulatory gene expression boundaries demarcate sites of neuronal differentiation in the embryonic zebrafish forebrain". Neuron 13 (5): 1039-53. PMID 7946344.
8. ^ Scholpp S; Wolf O, Brand M, Lumsden A. (Mar 2006). "Hedgehog signalling from the zona limitans intrathalamica orchestrates patterning of the zebrafish diencephalon". Development 133 (5). PMID 16452095.
9. ^ Barth, K. A.; Wilson, S. W. (1995). "Expression of zebrafish nk2.2 is influenced by sonic hedgehog/vertebrate hedgehog-1 and demarcates a zone of neuronal differentiation in the embryonic forebrain.". Development 121 (6): 1755-68. PMID 7600991.
The prethalamus (formerly described as ventral thalamus) or subthalamus is part of the diencephalon and therefore part of the brain.
Developmental biologist prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined (Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003), whereas (human)
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Developmental biologist prefer the term prethalamus, as it can be genetically defined (Puelles and Rubenstein, 2003), whereas (human)
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For the computer game developer, see Thalamus Ltd.
The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος = bedroom, chamber, IPA= /ˈθæləməs/) is a pair and symmetric part of the brain.
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For the video game character, see .
Sonic hedgehog homolog (SHH) is one of three proteins in the mammalian hedgehog family, the others being desert hedgehog (DHH) and Indian hedgehog (IHH).
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The diencephalon is the region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, prethalamus or subthalamus and pretectum. It is derived from the prosencephalon. The diencephalon is located at the midline of the brain, above the mesencephalon of the brain stem.
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Dlx is a family of homeodomain transcription factors which are related to the Drosophila distal-less (Dll) gene [1].
The family has been related to a number of developmental features. The family seems to be well preserved across species[2].
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The family has been related to a number of developmental features. The family seems to be well preserved across species[2].
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The alar plate (or alar lamina) is a neural structure in the embryonic nervous system, part of the dorsal side of neural tube, that involves the communication of general somatic and general visceral sensory impulses.
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In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand (i.e., probe) to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough (e.g.
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