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Information about Yogh

Enlarge picture
Capital yogh (left), lowercase yogh (right)
The letter yogh (Ȝ ȝ; Middle English: ȝogh) was used in Middle English and Middle Scots, representing y (/j/) and various velar phonemes. Velars are sounds that are usually made when the back of the tongue is pressed against the soft palate. They include the k in cat, the g in girl, and the ng (IPA [ŋ]) in hang.

In Middle English writing, tailed z came to be indistinguishable from yogh, and consequently some Lowland Scots words have a z in place of a yogh.

Yogh is shaped like the Arabic numeral three (3), which is sometimes substituted for the character in online reference works. There is some confusion about the letter in the literature, as the English language was far from standardised at the time. The upper and lower case letters (Ȝ,ȝ) are represented in Unicode by code points U+021C and U+021D respectively.

Pronunciation

The insular form of G — pronounced either [joʊk], [joʊɡ], [joʊ] or [joʊx] — came into Old English spelling via Irish. It stood for /ɡ/ and its various allophones — including [ɡ] and the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] — as well as the phoneme /j/ (y in modern English spelling). In Middle English, its form developed into yogh, which stood for the phoneme /x/ as in niȝt (night, then still pronounced as spelled: [nixt]). Sometimes, yogh stood for /j/ or /w/, as in the word ȝoȝelinge [ˈjaʊlɪŋɡe] = yowling.

History

In the late Middle English period, yogh was no longer used: niȝt came to be spelled night. Middle English re-imported G in its French form for /ɡ/.

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Yogh used for /x/: God spede şe plouȝ:& sende us korne inolk
In medieval Cornish manuscripts, yogh is used to represent the voiced interdental fricative as in ȝoȝo, now written dhodho, pronounced [ğoğo].

Before the fifteenth century

It was the Normans whose scribes despised non-Latin characters and certain spellings in English and therefore replaced the yogh with the digraph gh; still, the variety of pronunciations elaborated, as evidenced by cough, trough, and though. The process of replacing the yogh with gh was slow, and was not fully completed until the end of the fifteenth century. Not every English word that contains a gh was originally spelled with a yogh: for example, spaghetti is Italian, where the h makes the g hard (i.e., [g] instead of [dʒ]); ghoul is Arabic, in which the gh was /ɣ/.

The medieval author Orm used this letter in three ways when writing Old English. By itself, it represented /j/, so he used this letter for the y in "yet". Doubled, it represented /i/, so he ended his spelling of "may" with two yoghs. Finally, the digraph of yogh followed by an h represented /ɣ/.[1]

After the development of printing

The glyph yogh can be found in surnames that start with Y in Scotland and Ireland, such as the surname Yeoman and sometimes spelled ȝeman. Because the shape of the yogh was identical to some forms of the handwritten letter z, the z replaced the yogh in many Scottish words when the printing press was introduced. Most type used in the printing presses of that day did not have the letter yogh, resulting in the substitution of the letter z.

In Unicode 1.0 the character yogh was mistakenly unified with the quite different character Ezh (Ʒ ʒ), and yogh itself was not added to Unicode until version 3.0.

List of words containing a yogh

These are words which contain the letter yogh in their spellings. All are obsolete.

  • ȝhere ("ear")
  • yhyȝed ("hastened")
  • ȝiefte ("gift")
  • ȝise ("yes")
  • ȝista(i/y) ("yesterday")
  • ȝister- ("yester-")
  • ȝit(e) ("yet")
  • ȝive ("give" or "if")

Scottish words <z> representing <ȝ>

gaberlunzie, 'a licensed beggar', tuilzie, 'a fight', capercailzie (from capall-coille, now normally spelt capercaillie in English); "Shetland" was also written "Zetland" for a number of years, possibly as a corruption of Old Norse "Hjaltiland".
  • Culzean — culain (IPA /kʌˈleɪn/)
  • Dalziel — pronounced deeyel (IPA /diːˈɛl/), from Gaelic Dail-gheal; also spelled Dalyell.
  • Finzean — pronounced fingen (IPA /ˈfɪŋən/)
  • Glenzier — pronounced glinger (IPA /glɪŋər/)
  • MacKenzie — originally pronounced makenyie (IPA /məkˈenjɪ/), from Gaelic MacCoinnich; now usually pronounced with /z/
  • Menzies — most correctly pronounced mingis (IPA /ˈmɪŋɪs/), from Gaelic Mèinnearach; now controversially also pronounced with /z/
  • Winzet — pronounced winyet (IPA /ˈwɪnjət/)
  • Zetland — the name for Shetland until the 1970s. Shetland postcodes begin with the letters ZE.
The town of Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, was previously called Cadzow; and the word Cadzow continues in modern use in many streetnames and other names, eg. Cadzow Castle.

In Egyptology

A Unicode-based transliteration system is adopted by the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale[2] suggests the use of the Unicode ȝ character as the transliteration of the Ancient Egyptian "aleph" glyph: <hiero>A</hiero> The symbol actually used in Egyptology is , two half-rings opening to the left, which as of Unicode 5.0 has not been assigned its proper codepoint. It is often represented by the numeral 3 for technical reasons.

References

1. ^ Crystal, David (2004-09-09). The Stories of English. New York: Overlook Press, 197. ISBN 1-58567-601-2. 
2. ^ Polices, IFAO.

External links

The ISO basic Latin alphabet
AaBbCcDdEeFfGgHhIiJjKkLlMmNnOoPpQqRrSsTtUuVvWwXxYyZz
Z?
Middle English}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: enm
ISO 639-3: enm

Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066
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Middle English}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: enm
ISO 639-3: enm

Middle English is the name given by historical linguistics to the diverse forms of the English language spoken between the Norman invasion of 1066
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Middle Scots describes the language of Anglic Lowland Scotland in the period 1450 to 1700. By the end of the 13th century its phonology, orthography, accidence, syntax and in vocabulary had diverged markedly from Early Scots which was virtually indistinguishable from early
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Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the back part of the roof of the mouth, known also as the velum).
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Scots refers to the Anglic varieties derived from early northern Middle English spoken in parts of Scotland. In Scotland it is sometimes called Lowland Scots or its contraction Lallans
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Arabic numerals, known formally as Hindu-Arabic numerals, and also as Indian numerals, Hindu numerals, Western Arabic numerals, European numerals, or Western numerals, are the most common symbolic representation of numbers around the world.
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Insular G () is a form of the letter g resembling a tailed z, used in the British Isles. It was first used by the Irish, passed into Old English, and developed into the Middle English letter yogh; Middle English, having reborrowed the familiar Carolingian g from the Continent,
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Old English/Anglo-Saxon}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: ang
ISO 639-3: ang Old English (also called Anglo-Saxon[1], Englisc
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Irish}}} 
Writing system: Latin (Irish variant) 
Official status
Official language of: Republic of Ireland
Northern Ireland
European Union
Regulated by: Foras na Gaeilge
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ga
ISO 639-2: gle
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The Carolingian G or French G is one of two historical variants of the letter G which were in use in the Middle English alphabet; the other variant was the insular G or Irish G. The Carolingian G is named for the Carolingian minuscule script, an examplar of its use.
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Cornish}}} 
Official status
Official language of: Not an official language but a recognised minority language in the United Kingdom
Regulated by: Kesva an Taves Kernewek (KK), Agan Tavas (UC, UCR), Cussel an Tavas Kernuak (RLC)
Language codes
ISO 639-1:
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Normans were a people from medieval northern France, deriving to a large extent their aristocratic origins from Scandinavia (the name is adapted from the name "Northmen" or "Norsemen").
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scribe (or scrivener) is an ancient professional whose job involved learned reading and writing, especially within the Renaissance Age. This work usually involved secretarial and administrative duties such as taking of dictation and the keeping of business, judicial and
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Latin alphabet
Child systems Numerous: see Alphabets derived from the Latin
Sister systems Cyrillic
Coptic
Armenian
Runic/Futhark
Unicode range See Latin characters in Unicode
ISO 15924 Latn

Note
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Gh is a digraph found in many languages.

In Latin-based orthographies

English

In English, gh historically represented [x] (the voiceless velar fricative, as in the Scottish Gaelic word loch).
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Italian}}} 
Official status
Official language of:  European Union
 European Union
 Switzerland
 San Marino
Vatican City
Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The template is . Please use instead.

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al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):  
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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Ormulum or Orrmulum is a 12th-century work of Biblical exegesis, written in early Middle English verse by a monk named Orm (or Ormin). Because of the unique phonetic orthography adopted by the author, the work preserves many details of English pronunciation at
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printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring an image. The systems involved were first assembled in Germany by the goldsmith Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s.
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Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the world's writing systems. Developed in tandem with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard
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Ezh (Ʒ ʒ) is a letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), representing the voiced postalveolar fricative consonant. It is also called the "tailed z.
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Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organs are found in a variety of organisms. The simplest eyes do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark, while more complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colors.
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Yea can refer to:
  • A common misspelling of the word "yeah" which means "yes." This is often determined as misspelled. See also ya.
  • An archaic word meaning "yes." Pronounced the same as "yay," such as in the phrase "yea or nay."
  • Yea, Victoria, a town in Australia.

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Hallow is a word usually used as a verb, meaning "to make holy or sacred, to sanctify or consecrate, to venerate".[1] The adjective form hallowed, as used in The Lord's Prayer, means holy, consecrated, sacred, or revered.
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GATE may refer to:
  • Gay Alliance Toward Equality, one of the first Canadian gay liberation groups
  • Gifted education ("Gifted And Talented Education")
  • Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering, an admission exam for almost all technical institutes in India

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In linguistics, a participle is a non-finite verb form that can be used in compound tenses or voices, or as a modifier. Participles often share properties with other parts of speech, in particular adjectives and nouns.
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harbor or harbour (see spelling differences), or haven, is a place where ships may shelter from the weather or are stored. Harbors can be man-made or natural. A man-made harbor will have sea walls or breakwaters and may require dredging.
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outer ear is the most external portion of the ear. The outer ear includes the pinnae (also called auricle), the ear canal, and the very most superficial layer of the ear drum (also called the tympanic membrane).
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Maintainer: jasta

OS: Cross-platform

Use: Peer to peer
License: GNU GPL
Website: [1]

This page is about the computer software giFT.

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T. urogallus

Binomial name
Tetrao urogallus
Linnaeus, 1758

The Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus), also known as the Wood Grouse or more specifically Western Capercaillie
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