Information about Yarn
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Yarn
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Spools of thread
Yarn is a long continuous length of interlocked fibers, suitable for use in the production of textiles, sewing, crocheting, knitting, weaving, embroidery and ropemaking. Thread is a type of yarn intended for sewing by hand or machine. Modern manufactured sewing threads may be finished with wax or other lubricants to withstand the stresses involved in sewing.[1] Embroidery threads are yarns specifically designed for hand or machine embroidery.
Structure
- See main article Spinning (textiles)
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A Spinning Jenny, spinning machine which initiated the Industrial Revolution
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Z- and S-twist yarn
Spun yarn is made by twisting or otherwise bonding staple fibers together to make a cohesive thread.[2] Twisting fibers into yarn in the process called spinning can be dated back to the Upper Paleolithic[3], and yarn spinning was one of the very first processes to be industrialized. Spun yarns may contain a single fiber, or synthetic fibers which have high strength, artificial lustre, and fire retardant qualities may be blended with natural fibers which have good water absorbance and skin comforting qualities, in different proportions, to manufacture yarn for fabric. The most widely used blends are cotton-polyester and wool-acrylic fiber blends.
Yarns are made up of any number of plies, each ply being a single spun yarn. These single plys of yarn are twisted in the opposite direction (plied) together to make a thicker yarn. Depending on the direction of this final twist, the yarn will be known as s-twist or z-twist.
Filament yarn consists of filament fibers twisted together. Thicker monofilaments are typically used for industrial purposes rather than fabric production or decoration. Silk is a natural filament, and synthetic filament yarns are used to produce silk-like effects.
Texturized yarns are made by a process of air texturizing (sometimes referred to as taslanizing), which combines multiple filament yarns into a yarn with some of the characteristics of spun yarns.
Measurement
Craft yarns
Yarn quantities are usually measured by weight in ounces or grams. In the United States, balls of yarn for handcrafts are usually sold in three-ounce, four-ounce, six-ounce, and eight-ounce skeins. In Europe, yarn is often sold in increments of 25 grams, with 25 g, 50 g, and 100 g being common quantities. These measurements are taken at a standard temperature and humidity, because yarn can absorb moisture from the air. The actual length of the yarn contained in a ball or skein can vary due to the inherent heaviness of the fiber and the thickness of the strand; for instance, a 50 g skein of lace weight mohair may contain several hundred meters, while a 50 g skein of bulky wool may contain only 60 meters.There are several thicknesses of yarn, also referred to as weight. An effort by the Craft Yarn Council of America is being made to promote a standardized industry system for measuring this, numbering the weights from 1 (finest) to 6 (heaviest)[4]. Some of the names for the various weights of yarn from finest to thickest are called lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. This naming convention is more descriptive than precise; fiber artists disagree about where on the continuum each lies, and the precise relationships between the sizes.
A more precise measurement of yarn weight, often used by weavers, is wraps per inch (wpi). The yarn is wrapped snugly around a ruler and the number of wraps that fit in an inch are counted.
Labels on yarn for handcrafts often include information on gauge, known in the UK as tension, which is a measurement of how many stitches and rows are produced per inch or per centimeter on a specified size of knitting needle or crochet hook. The proposed standardization uses a four-by-four inch/ten-by-ten centimeter knitted or crocheted square, with the resultant number of stitches across and rows high made by the suggested tools on the label to determine the gauge.
In Europe textile engineers often use the unit tex, which is the weight in grams of a kilometer of yarn, or decitex, which is a finer measurement corresponding to the weight in grams of 10 kilometers of yarn. Many other units have been used over time by different industries.
Thread
Most types of embroidery thread come in a single size or weight; an exception is pearl or perle cotton, which comes in three weights, No. 3 (heaviest), No. 5, and No. 8 (finest).[5]Color
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Yarn drying after being dyed in the early American tradition, at Conner Prairie living history museum.
- heathered or tweed: yarn with flecks of different colored fiber
- ombre: variegated yarn with light and dark shades of a single hue
- multi-colored: variegated yarn with two or more distinct hues (a "parrot colorway" might have green, yellow and red)
- self-striping: yarn dyed with lengths of color that will automatically create stripes in a knitted or crocheted object
- marled: yarn made from strands of different-colored yarn twisted together, sometimes in closely-related hues
See also
Notes
1. ^ Kadolph, Sara J., ed.: Textiles, 10th edition, Pearson/Prentice-Hall, 2007, ISBN 0-13-118769-4, p. 203
2. ^ Kadolph, Textiles, p. 197
3. ^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland: Women's Work:The First 20,000 Years, W. W. Norton, 1994, p. 44
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Needlework. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (March 1992). ISBN 0-89577-059-8, p. 8
2. ^ Kadolph, Textiles, p. 197
3. ^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland: Women's Work:The First 20,000 Years, W. W. Norton, 1994, p. 44
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Reader's Digest Complete Guide to Needlework. The Reader's Digest Association, Inc. (March 1992). ISBN 0-89577-059-8, p. 8
External links
- Craft Yarn Council of America
- How to buy enough yarn: Wraps per inch method
- Manufacturing compact yarn
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- For other meanings of fiber/fibre please see Fiber (disambiguation).
Fiber or fibre[1] is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread.
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textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial fibers often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw wool fibers, linen, cotton, or other material on a spinning wheel to produce long strands known as yarn.
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Sewing is an ancient art involving the stitching of cloth, leather, furs, bark or other materials, using needle and thread. Its use is nearly universal among human populations and dates back to Paleolithic times (30,000 BC). Sewing predates the weaving of cloth.
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Crochet (IPA: krəʊ'ʃeɪ) is a process of creating fabric from yarn or thread using a crochet hook. The word is derived from the Middle French word croc or croche, meaning hook.
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Knitting is a craft by which thread or yarn may be turned into cloth. Similar to crochet, knitting consists of loops called stitches pulled through each other. Knitting differs from crochet in that multiple stitches are 'active', or in use, at the same time, and crochet uses a
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Weaving is an ancient textile art and craft that involves placing two sets of threads or yarn called the warp and weft of the loom and turning them into cloth. This cloth can be plain (in one color or a simple pattern), or it can be woven in decorative or artistic designs,
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Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins.
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rope (IPA: /rəʊp/) is a length of fibers, twisted or braided together to improve strength for pulling and connecting. It has tensile strength but is too flexible to provide compressive strength (i.e.
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Sewing machines can make an excellent variety of plain or patterned stitches. They include means for gripping, supporting, and conveying the fabric past the sewing needle to form the stitch pattern.
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Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by bees (beeswax) and used by them in constructing their honeycombs.
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Embroidery thread is yarn that is manufactured or hand-spun specifically for embroidery and other forms of needlework.
Threads for hand embroidery include:[1]
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Threads for hand embroidery include:[1]
- Embroidery floss or stranded cotten
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Machine embroidery is a term that can be used to describe two different actions. The first is using a sewing machine to "manually" create (either freehand or with built-in stitches) a design on a piece of fabric or other similar item.
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Spinning is the process of creating yarn (or thread, rope, cable) from various raw fiber materials.
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Process
In spinning, separate fibers are twisted together to bind them into a long, stronger yarn...... Click the link for more information.
Staple is a term referring to fiber that comes in discrete and consistent lengths, measured in millimeters. It is often used in the phrase, "staple length" to describe exactly what lengths the fibers are on average.
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- For other meanings of fiber/fibre please see Fiber (disambiguation).
Fiber or fibre[1] is a class of materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to lengths of thread.
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Spinning is the process of creating yarn (or thread, rope, cable) from various raw fiber materials.
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Process
In spinning, separate fibers are twisted together to bind them into a long, stronger yarn...... Click the link for more information.
Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. Very broadly it dates to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, roughly coinciding with the appearance of "high"
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Industrialisation (also spelt Industrialization) or an Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an
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Synthetic fibres are the result of extensive research by scientists to increase and improve upon the supply of naturally occurring animal and plant fibres that have been used in making cloth and rope.
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Cotton is a soft fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant (Gossypium sp.), a shrub native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, India, and Africa.
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Polyester (aka Terylene) is a category of polymers which contain the ester functional group in their main chain. Although there are many forms of polyesters, the term "polyester" is most commonly used to refe'Bold text'Bold text'Bold text
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Wool is the fibre derived from the fur of animals of the Caprinae family, principally sheep, but the hair of certain species of other mammals such as goats, llamas and rabbits may also be called wool. This article deals explicitly with the wool produced from domestic sheep.
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Acrylic fibers are synthetic fibers made from a polymer (Polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100,000. To be called acrylic in the U.S., the polymer must contain at least 85% acrylonitrile monomer. Typical comonomers are vinyl acetate or methyl acrylate.
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ply is a strand or layer of material, such as yarn, rope, plastic, wood, or paper. Plywood is so called because it is a laminate of several thin layers of wooden material. Two-ply toilet paper has two separable layers, each about as thick as single-ply
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Monofilament line is a thin string made from a single fiber. Because of monofilament's strength, availability in all pound-test kinds, and low cost, most fishing line is made from it. It also comes in many different colors such as white, green, blue, clear, and fluorescent.
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Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture).
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Taslanizing or the Taslan process, is the copyrighted trade name for air textured yarns. In German the word is Luftex. The process is simply feeding a bundle of continuous filament yarns into a small jet nozzle with various amounts of slack( overfeed ).
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ounce (abbreviation: oz) is the name of a unit of mass in a number of different systems, including various systems of mass that form part of English units, Imperial units, and United States customary units. Its size can vary from system to system.
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Gram
Unit sign g
Measure Mass
Base Unit Kilogram
Multiple of Base 10−3
System SI, CGS, other
Common usage Commonly used in cooking and food labeling
Examples
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Unit sign g
Measure Mass
Base Unit Kilogram
Multiple of Base 10−3
System SI, CGS, other
Common usage Commonly used in cooking and food labeling
Examples
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In knitting, gauge is the number of rows and/or stitches per length/width of a knitted fabric, e.g., "5 stitches/inch and 7 rows/inch in stockinette stitch". Alternatively, the gauge may be given in metric units, e.g., "22 stitches and 30 rows in 10 cm of stockinette stitch".
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