Information about Xylene
- See also: , , and
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The xylene isomers
It is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid that is very flammable. It occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar and is formed during forest fires. The chemical properties differ slightly from isomer to isomer. The melting point is between -47.87 (0 ) (m-xylene) and 13.26 (0 ) (p-xylene). The boiling point for each isomer is around 140 (0 ). The density is at around 0.87 kg/L (7.26 lb/U.S. gallon or 8.72 lb/imp gallon) and thus is less dense than water. Xylene in air can be smelled at 0.08 to 3.7 parts of xylene per million parts of air (ppm) and can begin to be tasted in water at 0.53 to 1.8 ppm.
Chemical industries produce xylene from petroleum. It is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States in terms of volume. Xylene is used as a solvent and in the printing, rubber, and leather industries. p-Xylene is used as a feedstock in the production of terephthalic acid, which is a monomer used in the production of polymers. It is also used as a cleaning agent for steel and for silicon wafers and chips, a pesticide [1], a thinner for paint, and in paints and varnishes. It may be substituted for toluene to thin lacquers where slower drying is desired. It is found in small amounts in airplane fuel and gasoline. In animal studies it is often swabbed on the ears of rabbits to facilitate blood flow and collection, although the area must subsequently be cleansed with alcohol to prevent inflammation.
| Xylenes and Its Isomers | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | ||||
| Common name | Xylenes | o-Xylene | m-Xylene | p-Xylene |
| Systematic name | Dimethylbenzenes | 1,2-Dimethylbenzene | 1,3-Dimethylbenzene | 1,4-Dimethylbenzene |
| Other names | Xylols | o-Xylol; Orthoxylene | m-Xylol; Metaxylene | p-Xylol; Paraxylene |
| Molecular formula | C8H10 | |||
| SMILES | Cc1c(C)cccc1 | Cc1cc(C)ccc1 | Cc1ccc(C)cc1 | |
| Molar mass | 106.16 g/mol | |||
| Appearance | clear, colorless liquid | |||
| CAS number | [1330-20-7] | [95-47-6] | [108-38-3] | [106-42-3] |
| Properties | ||||
| Density and phase | 0.864 g/mL, liquid | 0.88 g/mL, liquid | 0.86 g/mL, liquid | 0.86 g/mL, liquid |
| Solubility in water | practically insoluble | |||
| Soluble in non-polar solvents such as aromatic hydrocarbons | ||||
| Melting point | -47.4°C (-53.3°F; 226 K) | −25°C (-13°F; 248 K) | −48°C (-54.4°F; 225 K) | 13°C (55.4°F; 286 K) |
| Boiling point | 138.5°C (281.3°F; 412 K) | 144°C (291.2°F; 417 K) | 139°C (282.2°F; 412 K) | 138°C (280.4°F; 411 K) |
| Viscosity | .812 cP at 20 (0 ) | .62 cP at 20 (0 ) | .34 cP at 30 (0 ) | |
| Hazards | ||||
| MSDS | Xylenes | o-Xylene | m-Xylene | p-Xylene |
| EU Classification | Harmful (Xn) | |||
| NFPA 704 | ) 3 2 0 | |||
| Flash point | 24 (0 ) | 17 (0 ) | 25 (0 ) | 25 (0 ) |
| R/S statement | R10, R20/21, R38: S2, S25 | |||
| RTECS number | ZE2450000 | ZE2275000 | ZE2625000 | |
| Supplementary data page | ||||
| Structure & properties | n, εr, etc. | |||
| Thermodynamic data | Phase behaviour Solid, liquid, gas | |||
| Spectral data | UV, IR, NMR, MS | |||
| Related compounds | ||||
| Related aromatic hydrocarbons | toluene, mesitylene, benzene, ethylbenzene | |||
| Related compounds | xylenols - types of phenols | |||
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100 kPa) | ||||
Related compounds
Xylenes are a starting material for the production of other chemicals. For instance chlorination gives a xylylene dichlorides or 1,2-bis(chloromethyl)benzene (again three possible isomers). With oxidizing agents, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), the methyl group can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid. By oxidizing both methyl groups towards the acid, o-xylene forms phthalic acid, whereas p-xylene forms terephthalic acid.Health effects
Xylene affects the brain. High levels from exposure for short periods (14 days or less) or long periods (more than 1 year) can cause headaches, lack of muscle coordination, dizziness, confusion, and changes in one's sense of balance. Exposure of people to high levels of xylene for short periods can also cause irritation of the skin, eyes, nose, and throat; difficulty in breathing; problems with the lungs; delayed reaction time; memory difficulties; stomach discomfort; and possibly changes in the liver and kidneys. It can cause unconsciousness and even death at very high levels (see inhalants).Studies of unborn animals indicate that high concentrations of xylene may cause increased numbers of deaths, and delayed growth and development. In many instances, these same concentrations also cause damage to the mothers. It is not yet known whether xylene harms the unborn fetus if the mother is exposed to low levels of xylene during pregnancy.
Besides occupational exposure, the principal pathway of human contact is via soil contamination from leaking underground storage tanks containing petroleum products. Humans who come into contact with the soil or groundwater may become affected. Use of contaminated groundwater as a water supply could lead to adverse health effects.
Another common form of human exposure to xylene is in the use of certain types of pens, writing and drawing instruments, bingo dabbers and art supplies.
See also
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0084 (o-Xylene)
- International Chemical Safety Card 0085 (m-Xylene)
- International Chemical Safety Card 0086 (p-Xylene)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (o-Xylene)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (m-Xylene)
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards (p-Xylene)
- European Chemicals Bureau
Benzene, or Benzol (see also Benzine) is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ph–H. Benzene is a colorless and inflammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point.
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In chemistry, isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula and often with the same kinds of chemical bonds between atoms, but in which the atoms are arranged differently (analogous to a chemical anagram).
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xylenes refers to a group of 3 benzene derivatives which encompasses ortho-, meta-, and para- isomers of dimethyl benzene. The o-, m- and p
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4, 2
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Benzene, or Benzol (see also Benzine) is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ph–H. Benzene is a colorless and inflammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point.
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In chemistry, a methyl group is a hydrophobic alkyl functional group derived from methane (CH4). It has the formula -CH3 and is very often abbreviated as -Me in the structure of a molecule. This hydrocarbon unit can be found in many organic compounds.
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4, 2
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning "indivisible") is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element.
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (IPA: [aɪ ju pæk]) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1919 devoted to the advancement of chemistry.
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Petroleum (Latin Petroleum derived from Greek πέτρα (Latin petra) - rock + έλαιον (Latin oleum) - oil) or crude oil
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Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high viscosity, which smells of naphthalene and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is carbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas.
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A wildfire, also known as a wildland fire, forest fire, vegetation fire, grass fire, peat fire ("gambut" in Indonesia), bushfire (in Australasia), or hill fire
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pound or pound-mass (abbreviations: lb, ℔, lbm, or sometimes in the United States: #) is a unit of mass (sometimes called 'weight' in everyday parlance) in a number of different systems, including English units, Imperial units, and United
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. The most common solvent in everyday life is water. Most other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals. These are called organic solvents.
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Natural rubber is an elastic hydrocarbon polymer that naturally occurs as a milky colloidal suspension, or latex, in the sap of some plants. It can also be synthesized. The entropy model of rubber was developed in 1934 by Werner Kuhn.
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Leather is a material created through the tanning of hides and skins of animals, primarily cattlehide. The tanning process converts the putrescible skin into a durable, long-lasting and versatile natural material for various uses.
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Terephthalic acid is one isomer of the three phthalic acids. It finds important use as a commodity chemical, principally as a starting compound for the manufacture of polyester (specifically PET), used in clothing and to make plastic bottles.
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A monomer (from Greek mono "one" and meros "part") is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer.
Examples of monomers are hydrocarbons such as the alkene and arene homologous series.
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Examples of monomers are hydrocarbons such as the alkene and arene homologous series.
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polymer is a substance composed of molecules with large molecular mass composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. The word is derived from the Greek, πολυ, polu, "many"; and μέρος, meros,
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Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7 or 2.04% by weight (C:1000–10,8.67Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese and
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In microelectronics, a wafer is a thin slice of semiconducting material, such as a silicon crystal, upon which microcircuits are constructed by doping (for example, diffusion or ion implantation), chemical etching, and deposition of various materials.
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integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit, microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in the surface of a
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worldwide view.
A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used for preventing, controlling, or lessening the damage caused by a pest.[1] A pesticide may be a chemical substance, biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria), antimicrobial,..... Click the link for more information.
A paint thinner is a solvent used to thin oil-based paints, or as a cleaning agent.
Paint thinners include:
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Paint thinners include:
- Acetone
- Mineral spirits
- Mineral turpentine (turps)
- Wood turpentine
- Naphtha
- Toluene
- Xylene
Brands and their Constituents
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Paint is any liquid, liquifiable, or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film.
Paint is used to protect, decorate (such as adding color), or add functionality to an object or surface by covering it
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Paint is used to protect, decorate (such as adding color), or add functionality to an object or surface by covering it
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Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a thinner or solvent.
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Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene.
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Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft.
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Description
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