World's Tallest Structures

Information about World's Tallest Structures

While determining the world's tallest structure has generally been straightforward, the definition of the world's tallest building or the world's tallest tower is less clear. The disputes generally centers on what should be counted as a building or a tower, and what is being measured.

In terms of absolute height, the tallest structures are currently the dozens of radio and television broadcasting towers which measure over 600 meters (about 2,000 feet) in height. There is, however, some debate about:

whether structures under construction should be included in the list
whether structures rising out of water should have their below-water height included.

For towers, there is debate over:

whether guy-wire-supported structures should be counted

For buildings, there is debate over:

whether communication towers with observation galleries should be considered habitable buildings.
whether only habitable height is considered.
whether roof-top antennas should be considered towards height of buildings; with particular interest in whether components that look like spires can be either classified as antennas or architectural detail.

These debates will likely lose some relevance in 2009, as the Burj Dubai, a building currently under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is planned to exceed all other existing structures in height, including guyed TV towers.

Tallest structures

Main article: List of tallest structures in the world

KVLY-TV mast

The tallest standing structure is the KVLY-TV mast 30 miles north of Fargo, North Dakota United States, at m ( ft). It is a transmission antenna, consisting of a bare metal structure supported by guy-wires.

Transmission antennas of this type are not usually included with the world's tallest buildings because they are not self-supporting. The issue is further complicated if all manmade habitable structures are considered. Under that criterion it is possible to claim 'tallest structure' records for deep mine-shafts, or the Mohole drilling rig, which can be several miles (8-10 km) in vertical length.

The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario was the world's tallest freestanding structure on land from 1975 until the Burj Dubai surpassed it in 2007, rising m ( ft). It is currently the world's tallest completed freestanding structure on land.

The CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, standing at m ( ft), was the world's tallest freestanding structure on land from 1976 until September 12, 2007, when it was overtaken in height by the under construction Burj Dubai.^[1] It has the world's highest public observation deck at m ( ft). It remains the world's tallest completed freestanding structure, pending the Burj Dubai's completion (projected for 2008).

The Petronius Platform stands m ( ft), leading some to claim it as the tallest freestanding structure in the world. However, as this oil and natural gas platform is partially supported by wires, critics argue that it is not freestanding, and the below-water height should not be counted, in the same manner as underground 'height' is not taken into account in buildings.

The Troll A platform is m ( ft), without any part of that height being supported by wires.

Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan is currently the world's tallest inhabited building in three out the four main categories that are commonly measured: at m ( ft) as measured to its architectural height as well as roof height m ( ft) and highest occupied floor m ( ft). The Sears Tower is highest in the last category: the highest current height to the top of antenna of any building in the world at m ( ft).

However, the Burj Dubai, which is scheduled for completion in 2008 or 2009, will break most existing records, being taller than any building in all four categories by a wide margin. The CN Tower will maintain its record of the world's highest observation deck as Burj Dubai's deck will be at m ( ft).^[2] While the final height has not been released to the public, the developers state that the building will be at least m ( ft). The 'Symbol of Dubai', will have more than 160 floors, 56 elevators, apartments, shops, swimming pools, spas, corporate suites, and will be m ( ft) tall. With the spire included, the final height will be more than 817 m (2680 ft) , but Emaar, the developer, is keeping structural details secret due to competition for the "world's tallest" with other proposed buildings, including the nearby Al Burj. ^[3] As of October 8 2007, the tower's developers reported the Burj Dubai's height to be 574.5 m (1885 ft), with 154 completed floors^[4], surpassing Taipei 101 as the tallest high-rise building in the world.^[5] As of September 14, 2007, The Burj Dubai is the world's tallest freestanding structure at 555.3m (1821.85 ft) height and 150 stories. Burj Dubai is now taller by 2 meters than the previous tallest freestanding structure, the CN Tower in Toronto, which held the record since 1976. Burj Dubai is also set to surpass the KVLY/KTHI television mast in Blanchard, North Dakota, which is the tallest structure on earth at 628.8 meters.

Tallest structure by category

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Due to the disagreements over how to measure and classify structures, engineers have created various definitions for categories of buildings and other structures. One measure includes the absolute height of a building, another includes only spires and other permanent architectural features, but not antennas. The tradition of including the spire on top of a building and not including the antenna dates back to the rivalry between the Chrysler Building and 40 Wall Street. A modern-day example is that the antenna on top of the Sears tower are not considered part of its architectural height, while the spires on top of the Petronas towers are counted.

Tallest destroyed structures by category, not surpassed by existing structures

There are some destroyed architectural structures which were taller than the tallest existing structure of their type.

Category	Structure	Country	City	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Remarks
Supported structure	Warsaw Radio Mast	Poland	Gąbin	646.38	2,121	completed in 1974, collapsed on August 8th, 1991
Wooden structure	Mühlacker Wood Radio Tower	Germany	Mühlacker	190	623	completed in 1934, destroyed on April 6th, 1945 by Germans to prevent usage by the Allies of World War II.
Masonry building	Mole Antonelliana	Italy	Torino	167.5	549.5	spire destroyed by hurricane in 1953
Pre-Industrial Era building	Lincoln Cathedral	United Kingdom	Lincoln	160	524	completed in 1311, spire blown off in 1549

Tallest building by function

Tallest buildings

Main article: List of tallest buildings in the world

Comparison of top skyscrapers with measurements to top of antenna

Current skyscrapers compared with notable proposed skyscrapers.

Up until 1998 the tallest building status was essentially uncontested. Counting buildings as structures with floors throughout, and with antenna masts excluded, the Sears Tower in Chicago was considered the tallest. When the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were built, controversy arose because the spire extended nine meters higher than the roof of the Sears Tower. Excluding the spire, the Petronas Towers are not taller than the Sears Tower. At their convention in Chicago, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) reduced the Sears Tower from world's tallest and pronounced it not second tallest, but third, and pronounced Petronas as world's tallest. This action caused a considerable amount of controversy, so CTBUH defined four categories in which the world's tallest building can be measured:

Height to the structural or architectural top (including spires and pinnacles, but not antennas, masts or flagpoles)
Height to the highest occupied floor
Height to the top of the roof
Height to the top of antenna

The height is measured from the pavement level of the main entrance. At the time, the Sears Tower held first place in the second and third categories. Petronas held the first category, and the original World Trade Towers held the fourth. Within months, however, a new antenna mast was placed on the Sears Tower, giving it hold of the fourth category. On April 20, 2004, the Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan, was completed. Its completion gave it the world record for the first three categories. On July 21 2007 it was announced that the Burj Dubai had surpassed Taipei 101 in height, reaching 512 m (1,680 feet) tall. However Burj Dubai is still under construction.

Today, Taipei 101 leads in the first category with 509 m (1,671 feet); in the second category with an occupied floor at 439 m (1,441 feet); and in the third category with 449 m (1,474 feet). The first category was formerly held by the Petronas Twin Towers with 452 m (1,483 feet), and before that by Sears Tower with 442 m (1,451 feet). The second and third categories were held by the Sears Tower, with 412 m (1,351 feet) and 442 m (1,451 feet) respectively.

The Sears Tower still leads in the fourth category with 527 m (1,729 feet), previously held by the World Trade Center until the extension of the Chicago tower's western broadcast antenna in 2000, over a year prior to the Trade Center's destruction in 2001. Its antenna mast included, 1 World Trade Center measured 526 m (1,727 feet). The World Trade Center became the world's tallest buildings to be destroyed or demolished; indeed, its site entered the record books twice on September 11, 2001, in that category, replacing the Singer Building, which once stood a block from the WTC site.

The Ostankino Tower and the CN Tower are excluded from these categories because they are not "habitable buildings", which are defined as frame structures made with floors and walls throughout.

History of record holders in each CTBUH category

Date (Event)	Architectural top	Highest occupied floor	Rooftop	Antenna
2008: Burj Dubai est. completion	Burj Dubai	Burj Dubai	Burj Dubai	Burj Dubai
2003: Taipei 101 completed	Taipei 101	Taipei 101	Taipei 101	Sears Tower
2000: Sears Tower antenna extension	Petronas Towers	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	Sears Tower
1998: Petronas Towers completed	Petronas Towers	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	World Trade Center
1996: CTBUH defines categories	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	Sears Tower	World Trade Center

World's tallest freestanding structure on land

Freestanding structures include observation towers, monuments and other structures not generally considered to be "buildings", but excludes supported structures such as guyed masts and ocean drilling platforms. (See also history of tallest skyscrapers.)

The world's tallest freestanding structure on land is defined as the tallest self-supporting man-made structure that stands above ground. This definition is different from that of world's tallest building or world's tallest structure based on the percent of the structure that is occupied and whether or not it is self-supporting or supported by exterior cables. Likewise, this definition does not count structures that are built underground or on the seabed, such as the Petronius Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Visit world's tallest structure by category for a list of various other definitions.

As of September 2007, the tallest freestanding structure on land is the still under construction Burj Dubai in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The building, which now stands at 564.9 meters (1,853 ft), surpassed the height of the previous record holder, the 553.33 meter (1,815 ft) CN Tower in Toronto, Ontario, on September 12, 2007. It is scheduled to be completed in 2009, and is planned to rise to a height of over 800 meters (2,625 ft).

History

The following is a list of structures that have held the title as the tallest freestanding structure on land.

Held record		Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To	Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
c. 2600 BC	c. 2570 BC	Red Pyramid of Sneferu, Egypt	c. 2600 BC	105	345
c. 2570 BC	c. AD 1300	Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt	c. 2570 BC	146	481	By AD 1439, the Great Pyramid had eroded to a height of approximately 139 m (455 ft).
c. 1300	1549	Lincoln Cathedral, England	1092–1311	160	525	The central spire was destroyed in a storm in 1549. While the reputed height of 525 ft is doubted by A.F. Kendrick,^[8] other sources agree on this height.
1549	1625	St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, Estonia	1438–1519	159	522	The spire burnt down after a lightning strike in 1625 and was rebuilt several times. The current height is 123 m
1625	1874	Strasbourg Cathedral, France	1439	142	469
1874	1876	St. Nikolai, Hamburg, Germany	1846–1874	147	483
1876	1880	Cathédrale Notre Dame, Rouen, France	1202–1876	151	495
1880	1884	Cologne Cathedral, Germany	1248–1880	157	515
1884	1889	Washington Monument, United States	1884	169	555
1889	1930	Eiffel Tower, Paris, France	1889	300	986	The addition of a telecommunications tower in the 1950s brought the overall height to 324 m.
1930	1931	Chrysler Building, New York, United States	1928–1930	319	1,046
1931	1967	Empire State Building, New York, United States	1930–1931	381	1,250
1967	1975	Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia	1963–1967	537	1,762	Remains the tallest in Europe
1975	2007	CN Tower, Toronto, Canada	1973–1976	553	1,815	The CN Tower also features the highest public observation deck in the world.
2007		Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2004–2008	575*	1,885*	The Burj surpassed the height of CN Tower in September 2007. Though still officially under construction, it is estimated to rise higher than 800 meters (2,625 ft) when completed in 2008.

Notable mentions include the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria, built in the third century BC, and estimated between 115 to 135 meters (383–440 ft). It was the world's tallest non-pyramidal building for many centuries. Another notable mention includes the Jetavanaramaya stupa in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, which was built in the third century, and was similarly tall at 122 meters (400 ft). These were both the world's tallest or second tallest non-pyramidal buildings for over a thousand years.

The tallest secular building between the collapse of the Pharos and the erection of the Washington Monument may have been the Torre del Mangia in Siena, which is 102 m tall, and was constructed in the first half of the fourteenth century, and the 97 m tall Torre degli Asinelli in Bologna, also Italy, built between 1109 and 1119.

* This is the current height of Burj Dubai, as of October 2007. When completed, it is expected to rise over m ( ft)

Timeline of guyed structures on land

As most of the tallest structures are guyed masts and the absolute height record of architectural structures on land is since 1954 kept by them, here is a timeline of world's tallest guyed masts, since the beginning of radio technology.

As many large guyed masts were destroyed at the end of World War II, the dates for the years between 1945 and 1950 may be incorrect. If the 365.25 meter (1,200 ft) tall central tower of NSS Annapolis was already built before 1945, it was the tallest guyed structure between 1945 and 1950.

Held record		Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To	Name and Location	Constructed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
1913	1920	Central mast of Eilvese transmitter, Eilvese, Germany	1913	250	820	Mast was divided in 145 meters by an insulator, demolished in 1931
1920	1923	Central masts of Nauen Transmitting Station, Nauen, Germany	1920	260	853	2 masts, demolished in 1946
1923	1933	Masts of Ruiselede transmitter, Ruiselede, Belgium	1923	287	942	8 masts, destroyed in 1940
1933	1939	Lakihegy Tower, Lakihegy, Hungary	1933	314	1,031	Blaw-Knox Tower, insulated against ground, destroyed in 1945, afterwards rebuilt
1939	1945	Deutschlandsender Herzberg/Elster, Herzberg (Elster), Germany	1939	335	1,099	insulated against ground, dismantled in 1945
1945	1948	Blaw-Knox Tower Liblice, Liblice, Czech Republic	1936	280.4	920	Demolished on October 17th, 1972 by explosives. Replaced in 1976 by 2 355 masts.
1948	1949	WIVB-TV Tower, Colden, New York, USA	1948	321.9	1,056
1949	1950	Longwave transmitter Raszyn, Raszyn, Poland	1949	335	1,099	insulated against ground
1950	1954	Forestport Tower, Forestport, New York, USA	1950	371.25	1,218	insulated against ground
1954	1959	Griffin Television Tower Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA	1954	480.5	1,576
1956	1959	KOBR-TV Tower, Caprock, New Mexico, USA	1956	490.7	1,610	Collapsed in 1960
1959	1960	WGME TV Tower, Raymond, Maine, USA	1959	495	1,624
1960	1961	KFVS TV Mast, Cape Girardeau County, Missouri, USA	1960	511.1	1,677
1961	1963	WTVM/WRBL-TV & WVRK-FM Tower, Columbus, Georgia, USA	1962	533	1,749	Located in Cusseta, Georgia
1963	1963	KTAL TV Tower, Vivian, Louisiana, USA	1961	534.3	1,753
1963	1974	KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA	1963	628.8	2,063
1974	1991	Warsaw Radio Mast, Gąbin, Poland	1974	646.4	2,121	mast radiator insulated against ground, collapsed in 1991
1991		KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, USA	1963	628.8	2,063

Tallest structures, freestanding structures, and buildings

See also: List of tallest buildings in the world, List of tallest structures in the world

The structures list uses pinnacle height and includes architectural structures of any type. Only the four tallest are listed, as more than fifty US TV masts have stated heights of 600-610m (1969-2000 ft).
The freestanding structures list uses pinnacle height and includes structures over m ( ft) that do not use guy- wires or other external supports.
The building list uses architectural height (excluding antennas) and includes only buildings, defined as consisting of habitable floors. Both of these follow CTBUH guidelines. All supertall buildings (300 m and higher) are listed.
Seven buildings appear on the freestanding structures list with higher heights, given the different measurement specifications of the two lists.
Collapsed historical structures are not included.

Rank	Name and location	Year completed	Architectural top^[9]	Floors
Structures
1	KVLY-TV mast, Blanchard, North Dakota, United States	1963	m ( ft)	–
2	KXJB-TV mast, Galesburg, North Dakota, United States	1998	m ( ft)	–
3	KXTV/KOVR Tower, Walnut Grove, California, United States	2000	m ( ft)	–
4	Petronius Platform, Gulf of Mexico	2000	m ( ft)	–
Freestanding structures
1	Burj Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (under construction)	2009	m ( ft) m ( ft) (predicted)	162 (predicted)
2	CN Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada	1976	m ( ft)	–
3	Ostankino Tower, Moscow, Russia	1967	m ( ft)	–
4	Sears Tower, Chicago, United States	1974	m ( ft)	110
5	Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan	2003	m ( ft)	101
6	Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (under construction)	2008	m ( ft)	101
7	Oriental Pearl Tower, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	1996	m ( ft)	–
8	John Hancock Center, Chicago, United States	1969	457 m (1,500 ft)	100
9	Petronas Tower I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998	m ( ft)	88
9	Petronas Tower II, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998	m ( ft)	88
11	Empire State Building, New York City, United States	1936	449 (1,472 ft)	102
12	Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran	2007	m ( ft)	–
13	Kuala Lumpur Tower, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1995	m ( ft)	–
14	Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	1998	m ( ft)	88
15	Chimney of GRES-2 Power Station, Ekibastuz, Kazakhstan	1987	m ( ft)	–
16	Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	2003	m ( ft)	88
17	Tianjin Radio and Television Tower, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China	1991	m ( ft)	–
18	Central TV Tower, Bejing, People’s Republic of China	1992	m ( ft)	–
Buildings
1	Taipei 101, Taipei, Taiwan	2003	m ( ft)	101
2	Shanghai World Financial Center, Shanghai, People's Republic of China (topped out)	2008	m ( ft)	101
3	Petronas Tower I, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998	m ( ft)	88
3	Petronas Tower II, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	1998	m ( ft)	88
5	Sears Tower, Chicago, United States	1974	m ( ft)	110
6	Jin Mao Building, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	1998	m ( ft)	88
7	Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	2003	m ( ft)	88
8	CITIC Plaza, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China	1997	m ( ft)	80
9	Shun Hing Square, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China	1996	m ( ft)	69
10	Empire State Building, New York, United States	1931	m ( ft)	102
11	Central Plaza, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	1992	m ( ft)	78
12	Bank of China Tower, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	1990	m ( ft)	70
13	Emirates Office Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2000	m ( ft)	54
14	Tuntex Sky Tower, Kaohsiung, Taiwan	1997	m ( ft)	85
15	Aon Center, Chicago, United States	1973	m ( ft)	83
16	The Center, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	1998	m ( ft)	73
17	John Hancock Center, Chicago, United States	1969	m ( ft)	100
18	Rose Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (topped out)	2007	m ( ft)	72
18	Shimao International Plaza, Shanghai, People's Republic of China	2006	m ( ft)	60
20	Minsheng Bank Building, Wuhan, People's Republic of China	2007	m ( ft)	68
21	Ryugyong Hotel, Pyongyang, North Korea (topped out)	1992	m ( ft)	105
22	Q1 Tower, Gold Coast City, Australia	2005	m ( ft)	78
23	Burj al Arab Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	1999	m ( ft)	60
24	Chrysler Building, New York, United States	1930	m ( ft)	77
24	Nina Tower I, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China	2007	m ( ft)	80
24	New York Times Building, New York, United States	2007	m ( ft)	52
27	Bank of America Plaza, Atlanta, United States	1992	m ( ft)	55
28	U.S. Bank Tower, Los Angeles, United States	1989	m ( ft)	73
29	Menara Telekom, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia	2001	m ( ft)	55
30	Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel, Dubai, United Arab Emirates	2000	m ( ft)	56
31	AT&T Corporate Center, Chicago, United States	1989	m ( ft)	60
32	JPMorgan Chase Tower, Houston, United States	1982	m ( ft)	75
33	Baiyoke Tower II, Bangkok, Thailand	1997	m ( ft)	85
34	Two Prudential Plaza, Chicago, United States	1990	m ( ft)	64
35	Wells Fargo Plaza, Houston, United States	1983	m ( ft)	71
35	Kingdom Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia	2002	m ( ft)	41
37	Aspire Tower, Doha, Qatar	2007	m ( ft)	36
38	Eureka Tower, Melbourne, Australia	2005	m ( ft)	92

Source: Emporis

Future record-breaking structures

Numerous supertall skyscrapers are in various stages of proposal, planning, or construction. Each of these, depending on the order of completion, could become the world's tallest building or structure in at least one category:

Under construction

Burj Dubai in Dubai, UAE is expected to be an m ( ft) tall skyscraper. It is currently under construction, and as of October, 2007, it is m ( ft) tall, with 154 completed floors. Upon completion (projected for 2009) this will be the tallest manmade structure of any kind in history. However, it might not hold that record for long; see the proposals section below.
The Russia Tower, under construction in Moscow, Russia, is expected to be m ( ft) with 118 floors.
The Guangzhou TV & Sightseeing Tower, being built in Guangzhou, China, is expected to be m ( ft) tall.
The m ( ft), 150 floor Chicago Spire (formerly Fordham Spire) is currently under construction in Chicago. If completed, it would surpass the nearby Sears Tower as the tallest tower in North America, and would be the tallest all-residential building in the world. ^[10] Construction began in June 2007, and is expected to be completed in late 2010.
The m ( ft) 108 floor (82 for office and occupied space) Freedom Tower of the new World Trade Center began construction in August 2006. ^[11] It is expected to completed in 2010, with an opening in early 2011. If completed, it would stand as the tallest building in New York City. It would also stand as the tallest building in the United States if completed before the Chicago Spire.
The m ( ft) tall, 101 floor Shanghai World Financial Center in Shanghai, People's Republic of China has a proposed completion date of 2008. The SWFC had reached its final height in September 2007.
The m ( ft) International Commerce Centre in Hong Kong, is scheduled for completion in 2009. As of August, 2007, the construction had reached 77 floors and m ( ft).
The m ( ft) (roof will be at m ( ft)) Burj al Alam in Dubai, is scheduled for completion in 2010. When completed, it will have 108 stories and have the 5th highest roof in the world.

Proposed

Al Burj is a proposed skyscraper, also planned for Dubai, UAE, expected to be approximately m ( ft) tall.^[12]
Murjan Tower is a Swedish company's proprosal for a supertall skyscraper in Bahrain. Designed by the Danish architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S, it is expected to be m ( ft) in height and comprise 200 floors. ^[13]
The proposed Mubarak al-Kabir Tower in Madinat al-Hareer (City Of Silk), (Kuwait) is projected to be m ( ft) in height.
Noida Tower m ( ft) is proposed for a small metro city in Delhi's NCR region with a target date for completion of 2013.
Incheon Tower is a proposal in Korea for a m ( ft) tall building.
Sumida Tower m ( ft) has been proposed in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan. It is planned to be finished by 2011. ^[14]
The Port Tower Complex is a proposed m ( ft), Rs. 20 billion ($330 million (USD)) project being financed by the Karachi Port Trust.^[15] It is projected for completion by 2013.
The Jakarta Tower (Menara Jakarta) in Jakarta, Indonesia is projected to be a m ( ft) skyscraper in Kemayoran, Central Jakarta Jakarta, Indonesia. Site preparation began in the 1990s, but construction never began and the project has been on hold since 2003.

Never-built record-breaking structures

Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but the time and resource shortages that resulted from the Russian Civil War halted the project.
The Palace of Soviets in Moscow, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before themselves being razed in 1995.
The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2001 ft)^[16] tall in 1988.
Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998-99 at Solec Kujawski.
7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2001 ft).
Construction was scheduled to begin in 2006 on the now-canceled Strait of Messina Bridge. It would have been the world's largest suspension bridge as well as the tallest, as the proposed height of the two towers, 382.6 m (1255 ft), exceeded the 343 m (1125 ft) of current record-holder Millau Viaduct in France.
Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560m (1837ft) tall.
A series of super-tall sky-scrapers were planned for the major Australian cities of Melbourne, Brisbane, Sydney and Perth from 1985-95 but were all cancelled. The plans included (in order of height) the Grollo Tower (mentioned above), Bribane Central Tower (450m/1476ft, Brisbane), Minuzzo Tower (450m/1476ft, Brisbane), CBD-1 (445m/1459ft, Sydney), Melbourne Plaza (338m/1109ft, Melbourne), City Tower (305m100ft, Sydney) and the Westralia Tower (287m/941ft, Perth). The buildings would have been some of the tallest buildings in the world at the time, but were cancelled mainly due to their unnecessary heights which would have dwarfed all surrounding buildings

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ CTV.ca Dubai building surpasses CN Tower in height, September 13, 2007
3. ^ BBC News, Dubai skyscraper world's tallest
4. ^ Current height as reported at www.burjdubai.com/
5. ^ Burjdubaiskyscarper.com
6. ^ Dubai tower now world's tallest free-standing structure. Brietbart. Retrieved on 2007-09-13.
7. ^ Highest Dams (World and U.S.) (chart). 1998 ICOLD World Register of Dams. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
8. ^ [2]
9. ^ Height for inhabited buildings with floors; does not include TV towers and antennas.
10. ^ [3]
11. ^ [4]
12. ^ Nakheel designs 1km-high tower. Retrieved on 2007-08-10.
13. ^ [5]
14. ^ [6]
15. ^ [7]
16. ^ [8]

External links

Collection of many record holders on Skyscraperpage

• • [ e] Tallest buildings and structures in the world ()
Buildings and structures	by country Australia Austria Canada People's Republic of China France Hungary India Ireland Japan Middle East Portugal former Soviet Union United Kingdom
Buildings	100+ floors Chimneys Churches History of tallest skyscrapers Europe European Union Brazil Canada Czech Republic Finland Germany Hong Kong India Israel Lithuania Mexico Pakistan Poland Singapore Sri Lanka Turkey United States
Structures	Towers Belgium Bulgaria Commonwealth of Nations Czech Republic Denmark Europe Finland Germany Hungary Iceland Japan Luxemburg Netherlands Norway Poland Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland United States Former Yugoslavia
Relevant Architecture	Additionally guyed tower Architectural structure Antenna height considerations Air traffic obstacle Construction Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Supertall
Lists	List of buildings List of largest buildings in the world List of world's largest domes

Nonbuilding structures, also referred to simply as structures, are those not designed for continuous human occupancy. The term is used by architects and civil engineers to distinctly identify structures that are not buildings.
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building may refer to one of the following:

Any man-made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any use or continuous occupancy, or
An act of construction.

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tower blocks. In the United States, the now-destroyed World Trade Center had the nickname the Twin Towers, a name shared with the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur.
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Radio masts and towers are, typically, tall structures designed to support antennas (also known as aerials in the UK) for telecommunications and broadcasting, including television. They are among the tallest man-made structures.
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1 metre =
SI units
1000 mm 0 cm
US customary / Imperial units
0 ft 0 in

The metre or meter^[1](symbol: m) is the fundamental unit of length in the International System of Units (SI).
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1 foot =
SI units
0 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
0 yd 0 in

A foot (plural: feet or foot;^[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′
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guy-wire or guy rope is a tensioned cable designed to add stability to structures (frequently ship masts, radio masts, wind turbines and tents). One end of the cable is attached to the structure, and the other is anchored to the ground at a distance from the structure's base.
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observation tower is a structure used to view events from a long distance and to create a full 360 degree range of vision. They are usually at least 20 meters tall and made from stone, iron, and wood. Many modern towers are also used as TV towers, restaurants, or churches.
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antenna is a transducer designed to transmit or receive radio waves which are a class of electromagnetic waves. In other words, antennas convert radio frequency electrical currents into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.
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spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word is derived from Anglo-Saxon, so it is related to "spear," rather than the Romance languages and "spirit.
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This article contains information about a building currently under construction.
It may contain information of a speculative nature, and the content may change dramatically as construction progresses and new information becomes available.
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Emirate of Dubai
إمارة دبيّ
Dubai's nightime skyline

Flag

Coordinates:
Emirate Dubai
Government
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Motto
"God, Nation, President"
Anthem
Ishy Bilady

Capital
(and largest city) Abu Dhabi

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list of tallest structures in the world, past and present of any type. Most of the tallest structures are television broadcasting masts, followed by a mix of the taller tower-type structures (like the CN Tower) and the taller high rise buildings (like the Sears Tower).
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The KVLY-TV mast (formerly the KTHI-TV mast) is a television transmitting mast in Traill County, North Dakota, USA, used by Fargo station KVLY channel 11. At 2,063 ft (628.8 m), it is currently the world's tallest supported structure on land.
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Fargo, North Dakota
Downtown Fargo in 2007

Seal
Motto: Gateway to the West
Location in North Dakota
Coordinates:
Country United States
State North Dakota
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State of North Dakota

Flag of North Dakota Seal
Nickname(s): Peace Garden State,
Roughrider State, Flickertail State
Motto(s): Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable;
Strength from the soil
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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The Macro Expansion Template Attribute Language complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across template files. Both were created for Zope but are used in other Python projects as well.
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Project Mohole was an ambitious attempt to drill through the Earth's crust into the Mohorovičić discontinuity, and to provide an Earth science complement to the high profile Space Race.
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CN Tower, located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a communications and tourist tower standing 553.33 metres (1,815 ft) tall.^[1] It surpassed the height of the Ostankino Tower while still under construction in 1975, becoming the tallest free-standing structure on
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City of Toronto

Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname: T.O., Hogtown, The Big Smoke, T-Dot, Toronto the Good
Motto: Diversity Our Strength
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Ontario

Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Ut Incepit Fidelis Sic Permanet (Latin: Loyal she began, loyal she remains)

Capital Toronto
Largest city Toronto
Official languages English (de facto)
Government
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This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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September 12 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events

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20th century - 21st century - 22nd century
1970s 1980s 1990s - 2000s - 2010s 2020s 2030s
2004 2005 2006 - 2007 - 2008 2009 2010

2007 by topic:
News by month
Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr - May - Jun
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The Petronius Platform is a deepwater oil platform operated by Chevron Corporation and Marathon Oil in the Gulf of Mexico, 210 km southeast of New Orleans.

A compliant piled tower design, it is 609.
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The acronym OIL can refer to:

Output Input Language
Office of Infrastructure and Logistics - Luxembourg
Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language, an Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web.
Oil India Limited.

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World's Tallest Structures

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World's tallest freestanding structure on land

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