Information about Word Formation
In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The line between word formation and semantic change is sometimes a bit blurry; what one person views as a new use of an old word, another person might view as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form; see Conversion (linguistics). Word formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, though sometimes words can form from multi-word phrases; see Compound (linguistics) and Incorporation (linguistics).
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In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Clippings are, also, known as "shortenings.
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See also
The following articles describe various mechanisms of word formation:- Acronym (a word formed from initial letters of the words in a phrase, like English laser from light amplified by stimulated emission of radiation)
- Affixation (a morpheme that attaches to a base morpheme to form a word, like re- or -ness)
- Agglutination (the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding affixes to them, like shame + less + ness → shamelessness)
- Back-formation (removing seeming affixes from existing words, like forming edit from editor)
- Blending (a word formed by blending two older words, like smog, which comes from smoke and fog)
- Clipping (lexicography) (taking part of an existing word, like forming ad from advertisement)
- Compound (linguistics) (a word formed by stringing together older words, like earthquake)
- Conversion (linguistics) (forming a new word from an existing identical one, like forming the verb green from the existing adjective)
- Incorporation (linguistics) (a compound of a verb and an object or particle, like intake)
- Loanword (a word borrowed from another language, like cliché, which comes from French)
- Neologism (a completely new word, like quark)
- Noun adjunct (a noun that modifies another noun, like chicken in chicken soup)
- Phono-semantic matching (matching a foreign word with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root)
Literature
- Bussmann, Hadumod (1996), Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, London: Routledge.
- Grzega, Joachim (2004), Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie, Heidelberg: Winter.
- Koch, Peter (2002), “Lexical Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of View”, in: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002-), Lexicology: An International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies / Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen, [Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft 21], Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, vol. 1, p. 1142-1178.
For the journal, see .
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist...... Click the link for more information.
A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together, and has a phonetical value. Typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes.
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In diachronic (or historical) linguistics, semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed, or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have very
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In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form.
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An idiom is an expression (i.e., term or phrase) whose meaning cannot be deduced from the literal definitions and the arrangement of its parts, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use.
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In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme.
An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning.
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An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning.
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Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.
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Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, laser, and IBM, that are formed using the initial letters of words or word parts in a phrase or name.
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An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a base morpheme such as a root or to a stem, to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed.
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agglutination is the morphological process of adding affixes to the base of a word. Languages that use agglutination widely are called agglutinative languages. These languages are often contrasted with fusional languages and isolating languages.
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In etymology, back-formation refers to the process of creating a new lexeme (less precisely, a new "word") by removing actual or supposed affixes. The resulting neologism is called a back-formation.
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blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes.
A blend is different from a portmanteau word in that a portmanteau refers strictly to a blending of two function words, similar to a contraction.
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A blend is different from a portmanteau word in that a portmanteau refers strictly to a blending of two function words, similar to a contraction.
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For other uses, see Clipping.
In linguistics, clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Clippings are, also, known as "shortenings.
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In linguistics, a compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme.
An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning.
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An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning.
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In linguistics, conversion, also called zero derivation, is a kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an existing word without any change in form.
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Incorporation is a phenomenon by which a word, usually a verb, forms a kind of compound with, for instance, its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function.
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A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself.
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neologism is a word, term, or phrase which has been recently created ("coined") — often to apply to new concepts, to synthesize pre-existing concepts, or to make older terminology sound more contemporary.
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In grammar, a noun adjunct is a noun that modifies another noun and that is optional; that is, it can be removed without affecting the grammar of the sentence. For example, in the phrase chicken soup, the noun adjunct chicken modifies the noun soup.
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Phono-semantic matching (PSM) is a term refers to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent word/root.
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