Information about Wootz
Wootz is a steel characterized by a pattern of bands or sheets of micro carbides within a tempered martensite or pearlite matrix. It was developed in India around 300 BC[1]. The word wootz[2] may have been a mistranscription of wook, an anglicised version of ukku, the word for steel in many south Indian languages.
Wootz steel was widely exported throughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it might have become known as Damascus steel after being locally processed. The critical characteristic of wootz steel is the abundant ultrahard metallic carbides in the steel matrix precipitating out in bands, making wootz steel display a characteristic banding on its surface. Wootz swords, especially damascus blades, were renowned for their sharpness and toughness.
The techniques for its making died out around 1700 after the principal sources of special ores needed for its production were depleted. Those sources contained trace amounts of tungsten and/or vanadium which other sources did not. Oral tradition in India maintains that a small piece of either white or black hematite (or old wootz) had to be included in each melt, and that a minimum of these elements must be present in the steel for the proper segregation of the micro carbides to take place.
Wootz was possibly rediscovered in the mid 19th century by the Russian metallurgist Pavel Petrovich Anosov (see Bulat steel), who refused to reveal the secret of its manufacture other than to write five one-sentence descriptions of different ways in which it could be made.
Master bladesmith Alfred Pendray re-discovered what may be the classic techniques in the early 1980s, as later verified by baseball legend Dr. John Verhoeven. [3][4]
Another method of wootz production, using modern technology, was developed around 1980 by Dr. Oleg Sherby and Dr. Jeff Wadsworth at Stanford University and Livermore National Laboratories. Even though this steel had the charactertistic bands of microcarbides, whether or not this could be considered wootz was disputed by Verhoeven since it was not made in a classical manner.
Recently, researcher Peter Paufler from Dresden University in Germany has discovered evidence of carbon nanotubes in Wootz steel, although this is disputed[5].
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Wootz steel was widely exported throughout the region, and became particularly famous in the Middle East, where it might have become known as Damascus steel after being locally processed. The critical characteristic of wootz steel is the abundant ultrahard metallic carbides in the steel matrix precipitating out in bands, making wootz steel display a characteristic banding on its surface. Wootz swords, especially damascus blades, were renowned for their sharpness and toughness.
Manufacture
While other methods may be used today, it is theorized that wootz was classically made in crucibles, e.g., crucible steel by combining a mixture of wrought iron or iron ore and charcoal with glass, which is then sealed and heated in a furnace. The result is a mixture of impurities mixed with glass as slags, and "buttons" of steel. The buttons (with a typical carbon content of 1.5%) were separated from the slag and forged into ingots. The ingots could be further forged out into blades/tools or welded to other ingots to increase the mass of the steel for larger items.The techniques for its making died out around 1700 after the principal sources of special ores needed for its production were depleted. Those sources contained trace amounts of tungsten and/or vanadium which other sources did not. Oral tradition in India maintains that a small piece of either white or black hematite (or old wootz) had to be included in each melt, and that a minimum of these elements must be present in the steel for the proper segregation of the micro carbides to take place.
Wootz was possibly rediscovered in the mid 19th century by the Russian metallurgist Pavel Petrovich Anosov (see Bulat steel), who refused to reveal the secret of its manufacture other than to write five one-sentence descriptions of different ways in which it could be made.
Master bladesmith Alfred Pendray re-discovered what may be the classic techniques in the early 1980s, as later verified by baseball legend Dr. John Verhoeven. [3][4]
Another method of wootz production, using modern technology, was developed around 1980 by Dr. Oleg Sherby and Dr. Jeff Wadsworth at Stanford University and Livermore National Laboratories. Even though this steel had the charactertistic bands of microcarbides, whether or not this could be considered wootz was disputed by Verhoeven since it was not made in a classical manner.
Recently, researcher Peter Paufler from Dresden University in Germany has discovered evidence of carbon nanotubes in Wootz steel, although this is disputed[5].
Trivia
- An elaborate fictionalized description of Wootz steel manufacture is presented in Neal Stephenson's historical science fiction novel The Confusion, part of Stephenson's three-volume work The Baroque Cycle.
- The manufacturing of Wootz steel is also detailed in Leo Frankowski's Conrad Stargard series.
- Don Krieg, a fictional character in Oda Eiichiro' manga One Piece claims to use armour made of Wootz steel.
References
1. ^ IISC
2. ^ p.108 -- Michael Faraday, as quoted by Peter Day, The Philosopher's Tree ISBN 0-7503-0571-1
3. ^ J.D. Verhoeven, A.H. Pendray, and W.E. Dauksch (1998). "The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades". Journal of Metals 50 (9): 58-64.
4. ^ Verhoeven, J. D. (1987). "Damascus Steel. I. Indian Wootz Steel". Metallography 20 (2).
5. ^ Reibold, M; Paufler P, Levin AA, Kochmann W, Pätzke N, Meyer DC (November 16, 2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature 444 (7117): 286. DOI:10.1038/444286a. Retrieved on November 17, 2006.
2. ^ p.108 -- Michael Faraday, as quoted by Peter Day, The Philosopher's Tree ISBN 0-7503-0571-1
3. ^ J.D. Verhoeven, A.H. Pendray, and W.E. Dauksch (1998). "The Key Role of Impurities in Ancient Damascus Steel Blades". Journal of Metals 50 (9): 58-64.
4. ^ Verhoeven, J. D. (1987). "Damascus Steel. I. Indian Wootz Steel". Metallography 20 (2).
5. ^ Reibold, M; Paufler P, Levin AA, Kochmann W, Pätzke N, Meyer DC (November 16, 2006). "Materials: Carbon nanotubes in an ancient Damascus sabre". Nature 444 (7117): 286. DOI:10.1038/444286a. Retrieved on November 17, 2006.
See also
External links
- The key role of impurities in ancient damascus steel blades
- Wootz steel: an advanced material of the ancient world
- Indian heritage in metallurgy
- Nanotubes present in Damascus Blades
Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7 or 2.04% by weight (C:1000–10,8.67Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese and
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Carbide is a compound of carbon with a less electronegative element. Carbides are important industrially; for example calcium carbide is a feedstock for the chemical industry and iron carbide, Fe3C (cementite), is formed in steels to improve their properties.
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Martensite, named after the German metallurgist Adolf Martens (1850–1914), is any crystal structure that is formed by displacive transformation, as opposed to much slower diffusive transformations.
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Pearlite is a two-phased, lamellar (or layered) structure composed of alternating layers of alpha-ferrite (88 wt%) and cementite (12%) that occurs in some steels and cast irons. It forms by a eutectoid reaction as austenite is slowly cooled below 727°C.
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3rd century - 4th century
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Middle East is a historical and political region of Africa-Eurasia with no clear boundaries. The term "Middle East" was popularized around 1900 in Britain, and has been criticized for its loose definition.
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Damascus steel is a steel used in Middle Eastern swordmaking from about 1100 to 1700 AD .Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this section in an . (, talk)
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In materials science and metallurgy, toughness is the resistance to fracture of a material when stressed. It is defined as the amount of energy that a material can absorb before rupturing, and can be found by taking the area (i.e.
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Crucible steel describes a number of different techniques for making steel alloy by slowly heating and cooling pure iron and carbon (typically in the form of charcoal) in a crucible.
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Wrought iron is commercially pure iron, having a very small carbon content (not more than 0.15 percent), but usually containing some slag. It is tough, malleable and ductile and is easily welded. However, it is too soft for blades.
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Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in iron oxides and vary in colour from dark grey to rusty red.
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Charcoal is the blackish residue consisting of impure carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from animal and vegetation substances. Charcoal is usually produced by heating wood, sugar, bone char, or others substances in the absence of oxygen (see char).
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Glass is a noncrystalline material that can maintain indefinitely, if left undisturbed, its overall form and amorphous microstructure at a temperature below its glass transition temperature.
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furnace is a device used for heating.
In American English, the term furnace on its own is generally used to describe household heating systems based on a central furnace (known either as a boiler or a heater in British English), and sometimes as a synonym for kiln,
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In American English, the term furnace on its own is generally used to describe household heating systems based on a central furnace (known either as a boiler or a heater in British English), and sometimes as a synonym for kiln,
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4, 2
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Slags are the by-product of smelting ore to purify metals. They can be considered to be a mixture of metal oxides; however, they can contain metal sulfides and metal atoms in the elemental form.
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Ingot is a metal that is solid moulded into simple shape, similar to the final product. It requires a second procedure of shaping, by means of cold/hot working to produce the final product. They involve relatively simple procedures.
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6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.36 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 770 kJ/mol
2nd: 1700 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.36 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 770 kJ/mol
2nd: 1700 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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5
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.63 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 650.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 1414 kJmol−1
3rd: 2830 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.63 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 650.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 1414 kJmol−1
3rd: 2830 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Hematite, also spelled hæmatite, is the mineral form of Iron(III) oxide, (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides. Hematite crystallizes in the rhombohedral system, and it has the same crystal structure as ilmenite and as corundum.
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Bulat is a type of steel alloy known in Russia from medieval times and regularly mentioned in Russian legends as material of choice for cold steel. The name bulat is a Russian transliteration of the Persian word pulad, meaning steel.
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John C Verhoeven (born July 3, 1953, in Long Beach, California) is a retired professional baseball player who played 4 seasons for the California Angels, Chicago White Sox, and Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball.
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Neal Stephenson
Stephenson at a book signing
Pseudonym: Stephen Bury
Born: September 31 1959
Fort Meade, Maryland
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Stephenson at a book signing
Pseudonym: Stephen Bury
Born: September 31 1959
Fort Meade, Maryland
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The Confusion
Author Neal Stephenson
Country United States
Language English
Series The Baroque Cycle
Genre(s) Historical novel
Publisher William Morrow
Publication date 2004
Media type Print (Hardback)
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Author Neal Stephenson
Country United States
Language English
Series The Baroque Cycle
Genre(s) Historical novel
Publisher William Morrow
Publication date 2004
Media type Print (Hardback)
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The Baroque Cycle is a series of novels written by Neal Stephenson.
Appearing in print in 2003 and 2004, the cycle contains eight novels originally published in three volumes:
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Appearing in print in 2003 and 2004, the cycle contains eight novels originally published in three volumes:
- Quicksilver, Vol.
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Leo Frankowski (born February 13, 1943, in Detroit, Michigan)[1] is an American writer of science fiction novels. He is now a resident of Russia, where he lives with his wife and adopted teenage daughter.
Frankowski is of Polish descent.
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Frankowski is of Polish descent.
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Conrad Stargard is the protagonist and title character in a series of time travel novels written by Leo Frankowski. In them, a Polish engineer named Conrad Schwartz is sent back in time to the 13th Century where he has to establish himself and cope with various crises including the
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Don Krieg's Pirate Armada (海賊艦隊, Kaizoku Kantai) is a fictional band of pirates from the anime and manga One Piece, led by Don Krieg.
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