Information about White Count
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Schematics of shorthand for complete blood count commonly used by physicians. The shorthand on the right is used more often in the US. Hgb=Hemoglobin, WBC=White blood cells, Plt=Platelets, Hct=Hematocrit.
A complete blood count (CBC), also known as full blood count (FBC) or full blood exam (FBE) or blood panel, is a test requested by a doctor or other medical professional that gives information about the cells in a patient's blood. A lab technician (US: "medical technologist") performs the requested testing and provides the requesting Medical Professional with the results of the CBC. A CBC is also known as a "hemogram".
The cells that circulate in the bloodstream are generally divided into three types: white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells (erythrocytes), and platelets or thrombocytes. Abnormally high or low counts may indicate the presence of many forms of disease, and hence blood counts are amongst the most commonly performed blood tests in medicine.
Methods
Samples
A phlebotomist collects the specimen, in this case blood is drawn in a test tube containing an anticoagulant (EDTA, sometimes citrate) to stop it from clotting, and transported to a laboratory.In the past, counting the cells in a patient's blood was performed manually, by viewing a slide prepared with a sample of the patient's blood under a microscope (a blood film, or peripheral smear). Nowadays, this process is generally automated by use of an automated analyzer, with only specific samples being examined manually.
Automated blood count
The blood is well mixed (though not shaken) and placed on a special rack on the analyzer. This instrument has many different components to analyze different elements in the blood. The cell counting component counts the numbers and types of different cells within the blood. The results are printed out or sent to a computer for review.Blood counting machines aspirate a very small amount of the specimen through narrow tubing. Within this tubing, there are sensors that count the number of cells going through it, and can identify the type of cell; this is flow cytometry. The two main sensors used are light detectors, and electrical impedance. One way the instrument can tell what type of blood cell is present is by size. Other instruments measure different characteristics of the cells to categorize them.
Because an automated cell counter samples and counts so many cells, the results are very precise. However, certain abnormal cells in the blood may be identified incorrectly, and require manual review of the instrument's results and identify any abnormal cells the instrument could not categorize.
In addition to counting, measuring and analyzing red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, automated hematology analyzers also measure the amount of haemoglobin in our blood and within each red blood cell. This information can be very helpful to a physician who, for example, is trying to identify the cause of a patient's anemia. If the red cells are smaller or larger than normal, or if there's a lot of variation in the size of the red cells, this data can help guide the direction of further testing and expedite the diagnostic process so patients can get the treatment they need quickly.
Automated blood counting machines include the Beckman Coulter LH series, Sysmex XE-2100, Bayer ADVIA 120, and the Abbott Cell-Dyn series.
Manual blood count
Counting chambers that hold a specified volume of diluted blood (as there are far too many cells if it is not diluted) are used to calculate the number of red and white cells per litre of blood.To identify the numbers of different white cells, a blood film is made, and a large number of white cells (at least 100) are counted. This gives the percentage of cells that are of each type. By multiplying the percentage with the total number of white blood cells, the absolute number of each type of white cell can be obtained.
The advantage of manual counting is that blood cells that may be misidentified by an automated counter can be identified visually. It is, however, subject to human error and sampling error because so few cells are counted compared with automated analysis.
Results
For examples of standard values, see Reference ranges for common blood tests#Hematology.)
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte, a neutrophil, and many small disc-shaped platelets.
A complete blood count will normally include:
Red cells
- Total red blood cells - The number of red cells is given as an absolute number per litre.
- Hemoglobin - The amount of hemoglobin in the blood, expressed in grams per litre. (Low hemoglobin is called anemia.)
- Hematocrit or packed cell volume (PCV) - This is the fraction of whole blood volume that consists of red blood cells.
- Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) - the average volume of the red cells, measured in femtolitres. Anemia is classified as microcytic or macrocytic based on whether this value is above or below the expected normal range. Other conditions that can affect MCV include thalassemia and reticulocytosis.
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) - the average amount of hemoglobin per red blood cell, in picograms.
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) - the average concentration of hemoglobin in the cells.
- Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) - a measure of the variation of the RBC population
White cells
- Total white blood cells - All the white cell types are given as a percentage and as an absolute number per litre.
- Neutrophil granulocytes - May indicate bacterial infection. May also be raised in acute viral infections.
- Lymphocytes - Higher with some viral infections such as glandular fever and. Also raised in lymphocytic leukaemia CLL.
- Monocytes - May be raised in bacterial infection
- Eosinophil granulocytes - Increased in parasitic infections.
- Basophil granulocytes
Platelets
- Platelet numbers are given, as well as information about their size and the range of sizes in the blood.
Interpretation
Certain disease states are defined by an absolute increase or decrease in the number of a particular type of cell in the bloodstream. For example:| Type of Cell | Increase | Decrease |
|---|---|---|
| Red Blood Cells (RBC) | erythrocytosis or polycythemia | anemia or erythroblastopenia |
| White Blood Cells (WBC): | leukocytosis | leukopenia |
| -- lymphocytes | -- lymphocytosis | -- lymphocytopenia |
| -- granulocytes: | -- granulocytosis | -- granulocytopenia or agranulocytosis |
| -- --neutrophils | -- --neutrophilia | -- --neutropenia |
| -- --eosinophils | -- --eosinophilia | -- --eosinopenia |
| Platelets | thrombocytosis | thrombocytopenia |
| All cell lines | --- | pancytopenia |
Many disease states are heralded by changes in the blood count:
- leukocytosis can be a sign of infection.
- thrombocytopenia can result from drug toxicity.
- pancytopenia is generally as the result of decreased production from the bone marrow, and is a common complication of cancer chemotherapy.
References
physician applies to a person who practices some type of medicine. Such medical practitioners are concerned with maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis and treatment of disease and injury, through both an area of knowledge
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A health care provider or health professional is an organization or person who delivers proper health care in a systematic way professionally to any individual in need of health care services.
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worldwide view.
A medical technologist (MT) is a healthcare professional who performs diagnostic analytic tests on human body fluids such as blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), peritoneal fluid, pericardial fluid, and synovial fluid, as well
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Blood is a specialized biological fluid consisting of red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid medium known as blood plasma.
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White blood cells or leukocytes are cells of the immune system which defend the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Several different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone
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Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood.
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Platelets, or thrombocytes, are the cell fragments circulating in the blood that are involved in the cellular mechanisms of primary hemostasis leading to the formation of blood clots.
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Blood tests are laboratory tests done on blood to gain an appreciation of disease states and the function of organs. Since blood flows throughout the body, acting as a medium for providing oxygen and other nutrients, and drawing waste products back to the excretory systems for
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A phlebotomist is an individual trained to draw blood (venipuncture), either for laboratory tests or for blood donations.
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Their role
Phlebotomy is the act of collecting blood either for testing or transfusion...... Click the link for more information.
test tube, also known as a culture tube, is a piece of laboratory glassware composed of a finger-like length of glass tubing, open at the top, with a rounded U-shaped bottom. Often, the top features a flared lip.
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An anticoagulant is a substance that prevents coagulation; that is, it stops blood from clotting. A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders.
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EDTA is a widely-used acronym for the chemical compound ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (and many other names, see table). EDTA refers to the chelating agent with the formula (HO2CCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CO
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A citrate is an ionic form of citric acid, such as C3H5O(COO)33−, that is, citric acid minus three hydrogen ions.
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Citrate family
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Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. It is an important part of hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel) whereby a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet- and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of
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laboratory (informally, lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. The title of laboratory
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A blood film or peripheral blood smear is a slide made from a drop of blood, that allows the cells to be examined microscopically. Blood films are usually done to investigate hematological problems (disorders of the blood itself) and, occasionally, to look for
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An automated analyser is a medical laboratory instrument designed to measure different chemicals and other characteristics in a number of biological samples quickly, with minimal human assistance.
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Flow cytometry is a technique for counting, examining, and sorting microscopic particles suspended in a stream of fluid. It allows simultaneous multiparametric analysis of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of single cells flowing through an optical and/or electronic
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Electrical impedance, or simply impedance, describes a measure of opposition to a sinusoidal alternating current (AC). Electrical impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative magnitudes of the voltage and current, but also the
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The Sysmex XE-2100 is a haematology automated analyser, used to quickly perform full blood counts and reticulocyte counts. It is made by the Sysmex Corporation.
It can be run on its own, or connected to a blood film making and staining unit.
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It can be run on its own, or connected to a blood film making and staining unit.
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Abbott Laboratories
Public (NYSE: ABT )
Founded 1888
Headquarters Abbott Park, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
Key people Miles D. White, Chairman and CEO
Richard A.
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Public (NYSE: ABT )
Founded 1888
Headquarters Abbott Park, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
Key people Miles D. White, Chairman and CEO
Richard A.
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A blood film or peripheral blood smear is a slide made from a drop of blood, that allows the cells to be examined microscopically. Blood films are usually done to investigate hematological problems (disorders of the blood itself) and, occasionally, to look for
..... Click the link for more information.
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White blood cells or leukocytes are cells of the immune system which defend the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Several different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone
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Red blood cells are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of delivering oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood.
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Hemoglobin, also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb, is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of the blood in vertebrates and other animals.
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Anemia
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 D 50. -D 64.
ICD-9 280 - 285
DiseasesDB 663
MedlinePlus 000560
eMedicine med/132 emerg/808 emerg/734
MeSH D000740
Anemia (AmE) or anæmia/anaemia
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 D 50. -D 64.
ICD-9 280 - 285
DiseasesDB 663
MedlinePlus 000560
eMedicine med/132 emerg/808 emerg/734
MeSH D000740
Anemia (AmE) or anæmia/anaemia
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The hematocrit (Ht or HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV) are measures of the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells. It is normally 45 ± 7 (38-52%) for males and 42 ± 5 (37-47%) for females.
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The mean corpuscular volume, or MCV, is a measure of the average red blood cell volume (i.e. size) that is reported as part of a standard complete blood count.
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