Information about Wall

A 'wall' is a usually solid structure that defines and sometimes protects an area. Most commonly, a wall delineates a building and supports its superstructure, separates space in buildings into rooms, or protects or delineates a space in the open air. There are three principal types of structural walls: building walls, exterior boundary walls, and retaining walls.

Building walls have two main purposes: to support roofs and ceilings, and to divide space, providing security against intrusion and weather. Such walls most often have three or more separate components. In today's construction, a building's wall will usually have the structural elements (such as 2×4 studs in a house wall), insulation, and finish elements, or surface (such as drywall or panelling). In addition, the wall may house various types of electrical wiring or plumbing. Electrical outlets are usually mounted in walls. Building walls frequently become works of art, such as when murals are painted on them.

On a ship, the walls separating compartments are termed 'Bulkheads', whilst the thinner walls separating cabins are termed 'Partitions'.



Boundary walls include privacy walls, boundary-marking walls, and city walls. These intergrade into fences; the conventional differentiation is that a fence is of minimal thickness and often is open in nature, while a wall is usually more than a nominal thickness and is completely closed, or opaque. More to the point, if an exterior structure is made of wood or wire, it is generally referred to as a fence, while if it is made of masonry, it is considered a wall. A common term for both is barrier, convenient if it is partly a wall and partly a fence, e.g. the Berlin Wall.

Before the invention of artillery, many European cities had protective walls. In fact, the English word "wall" is derived from Latin vallum, which was a type of fortification wall. Since they are no longer relevant for defense, the cities have grown beyond their walls, and many of the walls have been torn down. Extreme examples of boundary walls include the Great Wall of China and Hadrian's Wall. A modern functional example was the Berlin Wall, which divided Germany.

In areas of rocky soils around the world, farmers have often pulled large quantities of stone out of their fields to make farming easier, and have stacked those stones to make walls that either mark the field boundary, or the property boundary, or both.

Retaining walls are a special type of wall, that may be either external to a building or part of a building, that serves to provide a barrier to the movement of earth, stone or water. The ground surface or water on one side of a retaining wall will be noticeably higher than on the other side. A dike is one type of retaining wall, as is a levee.

Special laws often govern walls shared by neighbouring properties. Typically, one neighbour cannot alter the common wall if it is likely to affect the building or property on the other side.

It is notable that English uses the same word to refer to an external wall, and the sides of a room. This is by no means universal, and many languages distinguish between the two. In German, some of this distinction can be seen between Wand and Mauer.

See also

• List of walls
• Dry-stone wall
• Stone wall
• Fence
• Wallpaper
• Load-bearing wall

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WALL
City of license	Middletown, New York
Broadcast area	Orange County
Branding	"1340/1390 Radio Disney" (simulcast of WEOK Poughkeepsie)
First air date	1942
Frequency	1340 kHz
Format	Children
Power	1kW daytime 1kw nighttime
Class	D
Callsign meaning	We cover ALL' of Orange County (see article for alternate meaning)
Affiliations	Radio Disney
Owner	Cumulus Media

WALL is a radio station licenced to Middletown, New York that serves Orange County, New York. WALL is owned by Cumulus Media and broadcasts in 1340 kHz with 1 kilowatt daytime and nighttime, both nondirectional.

WALL simulcasts the Radio Disney programming of sister station 1390 WEOK in Poughkeepsie, a simulcast where WALL actually gets top billing based on numerical order. The simulcast with WEOK has been in place since 1999 and has lasted through three format changes.

History (to 1999)

WALL signed on in 1942, the first radio station in the western part of Orange County. Part of a parade of low-powered local stations that signed on in the period leading to and after the 1941 NARBA treaty and realignment, WALL originally sought the WMID calls (for MIDdletown). However, an FCC mixup led to another station at 1340 mHZ in Atlantic City, New Jersey to get the WMID calls whereas the Middletown station got the WALL calls that were intended for Atlantic City (named after that city's sea WALL). Other stories insist that the call letters were indeed correct, and WALL was named for the Town of Walkill, which neighbors the city while WMID was named for nearby Middle Township, NJ where the station owner resided.

Identity crisis aside, WALL signed on with a full-service popular music format with a heavy amount of local news, and with only newspapers as competition were very successful. By the 1960s, WALL would evolve to a Middle of the Road format and in 1965 would add FM service at 92.7 Mhz (today's WRRV). It was with the FM launch that WALL evolved into a Top 40 and during began to thrive. In the period between 1967 and 1977, under program directors, Larry Berger, Dave Charity and Jim Frey, WALL was virtually unbeatable in every ratings survey despite new local sign-ons and serious competition from New York signals including WABC and WNBC. In the late 1970's, WALL suffered a devastating fire which gutted its North Street studios, and forced the station to seek quarters in the abandoned block long Armory building in downtown Middletown.

In 1979, WALL and sister WKGL (the former WALL-FM) were purchased by a consortium headed by media mogul Robert F.X. Sillerman and legendary New York air personality Bruce Morrow ("Cousin Brucie"). Headquartering their group in Middletown at the Armory, by now re-christened Broadcast Plaza, major changes took place with WALL flipping to an Adult Standards format; WKGL, meanwhile, would go to an oldies/adult contemporary hybrid. The drastic change was not a long-term success and in 1985 WALL began to regroup by flipping to a higher energy oldies format. With this change came the acquisition of sports programming such as New York Mets baseball, New York Giants football, and various local sports and other community events. Additionally, WALL rehired some of the air talent from its Top 40 heyday, including Joe Ryan, and also became the first Hudson Valley radio station to include live, on-air traffic reports. By 1987, under head of programming, Rob Dillman, WALL radio had achieved ratings higher than any point in the previous decade (according to the spring 1987 Arbitron ratings) and rivaling the peak years during the 1970's. WALL Radio proved that AM Radio is not dead by beating most of the New York City FM's that hit Orange County New York. Also, WPDH, WSPK, WHUD sat and wondered how WALL Radio got their high ratings. One of the best promotions in Hudson Valley radio is WALL Radio's "45th Anniiversary Reunion Broadcast". This storied promotion occurred on the weekend of August 2-3, 1987 when the station celebrated its "45th" Anniversary...the station looked back to its past and reunited air personalities that weekend including Bruce Morrow, Howard Hoffman, Dave Charity, Dick Wells, Randy West, Gene Pelc, Art Livesey, Alex Miller, Jim Frey, Mark West, Jimmy Howes, Jim Pappas and Al Larson.

The community mindedness of WALL would be short lived as in 1988 Orange & Rockland Utilities purchased WALL and WKGL from Bell Broadcasting whom had purchased the station from Sillerman-Morrow. With the sale came a mass purge of staff with WALL flipping to a satellite News/Talk format in all but mornings. There would be no 50th Anniversary celebration.

In 1994, Orange & Rockland would sell WALL and WKOJ (ex-WKGL) to the Poughkeepsie-based Crystal Radio Group with the sale closing in early 1995. Though this meant initial changes on the FM side, WALL's ratings-depleted talk format would continue undisturbed. This would last for most of the rest of the 1990s. The memory of old Top-40 AM Radio died when WALL died.

WEOK simulcast history

(for a detailed history on these formats, see the article on WEOK)

While WALL was left alone and did moderately well given it's signal and status in the market, Crystal Radio had problems with WEOK given the aging demographics of that station's longtime adult standards format. Looking at an opportunity to fortify their holdings, in August 1999 Crystal decided to join WEOK with WALL and renovate WALL's talk format into a station that would target all of the Hudson Valley. On September 6, 1999, WEOK dumped pop standards and joined with WALL to simulcast talk, a format known as NewsTalk 13.

Up against the highly rated WABC from New York City, and sharing much of its programming, plus having programming that was considered to be too "Poughkeepsie-centric" by Middletown listeners, the NewsTalk 13 simulcast struggled to find an audience. In August 2000, the ESPN Radio programming that the station aired nights and weekends became the full-time format of the station. Soon, Aurora Communications would purchase the assets of the Crystal Radio Group. Both NewsTalk 13 and the ESPN Radio simulcast featured a large amount of sports rights including Yankees baseball, Giants and Jets football, and Marist College basketball.

Aurora's ownership of the station would prove to be short lived as in October 2001 they would be purchased by Cumulus Media, a deal that would close the next March. In September 2002, WALL and WEOK would flip to a Spanish language Hot AC format as El Ritmo ("The Rhythm"), the first Spanish-language station in the Hudson Valley.

Poor ratings and poor revenues led Cumulus to flip the stations in March 2005 to Radio Disney, ironically a format which the stations nearly had flipped to three years earlier.

External links

• Query the FCC's AM station database for WALL
• Radio Locator Information on WALL

•  • [ e] Radio stations in the Newburgh-Middletown, New York (Mid-Hudson Valley) market(Arbitron #140)
In Market Stations	(FM) 88.9/89.3 91.7 92.7 95.9 96.7 97.3 98.3 99.3 100.7 101.5 103.1 103.7 104.7 107.3 (AM) 1110 1170 1220 1260 1340 1370 1490
New York City	(AM) 660 710 770 880 1010 1050 1130 1560
New York State Radio Markets Albany-Schenectady-Troy () () Buffalo-Niagara Falls () () New York City () () Rochester () () Syracuse () () Utica-Rome () () '' See also: List of radio stations in New York

•  • [ e] Cumulus Media
FM Radio Stations:	KACL KAMO KARX KAYD KBAT KBBM KBBQ KBBY KBCY KBEA KBKL KBOB KBXR KBYZ KCDD KCFX KCHZ KCJK KCMO KCRR KDAT KDBN KDVV KEHK KEKB KFFG KFIL KFOG KFNC KGEE KHAK KHAY KHXS KIKN KIOL KJMO KKCT KKEG KKHQ KKLS KKNN KLCX KLSZ KLTD KLUR KLYV KMAJ KMCK KMGQ KMJJ KMJK KMXC KNFM KNRQ KODM KOEL KOLI KOMS KOOC KOQL KPUR KPLA KPLX KRMD KQCL KQCS KQHN KQIZ KQSM KQTP KQXC KQXY KRBE KRFO KRNA KROC KRQN KRUZ KSAN KSSM KTCX KTDK KTLT KUJZ KUSB KUSJ KVGO KVMA KVYB KWIC KWWK KXGE KYBA KYBB KYNF KYYI KZEL KZBT KZRK WAOA WARM WBLX WBRW WBZE WBZF WCMG WCYN WCZX WDAI WDBQ WDBY WDEN WDLT WDUZ WDZZ WEAS WEBE WEGC WFAS WFMS WFNC WFNR WFTK WFVL WGLF WGNI WHBX WHHY WHOT WHKR WHLZ WHRP WIFN WIXV WJAD WJCL WJJK WJOD WJWF WJXY WKAK WKFR WKGL WKOR WKSM WKXP WKXS WLLF WLTO WLRO WLWI WLXX WLZN WMBC WMGB WMNX WMXS WMXT WMXU WNCV WNFN WNNK WNNX WNUQ WOGB WPDH WPEZ WPCK WPKR WPSK WQKL WQLH WQQK WQSM WQVE WQXK WRCQ WRKI WRKR WRQN WRQQ WRRB WRRM WRRV WRSR WRWK WSEA WSJZ WSM WSMS WSOX WSYN WTPA WTWR WTYB WVBO WVNN WWBU WWCK WWFN WWFT WWIZ WWLD WWQQ WWTN WWWM WWWQ WWWW WWWX WXFX WXJY WXKR WXLP WXXQ WXZZ WYAK WYFM WYGY WYNN WYOK WYZB WYZP WZAD WZAT WZBN WZNN WZNS WZOK
AM Radio Stations:	KAYR KBED KCMO KDHL KEXO KFAY KFIL KIKR KJOC KKLF KLIF KLIK KLXX KMAJ KMND KOEL KOLM KPUR KRFO KRFU KRIL KRMD KROC KSCR KSOO KTCK KTCT KTEM KTOP KUGN KVEN KXRB KYNG KZRK WAAV WALL WALG WAYS WBBW WBMQ WDBQ WDDO WDLT WDUZ WEOK WFAF WFAS WFNC WFNR WFTW WGOK WGPC WHBT WICC WINE WINT WIQB WJLG WKMI WKNY WKOR WLBY WLQR WLWI WMAC WMSP WNAM WNZZ WOSH WPDA WPIC WPUT WRAD WROK WSBA WSOM WSSO WTCY WTKA WTOD WUMP WVLK WVNN WWCK WYNN
Annual Revenue: Unknown at this time Stock Symbol: NYSE: CMLS Website: cumulus.com

•  • [ e] Radio Disney stations in the United States

By callsign: KALY  KAVT  KDDZ  KDIS-FM  KDIS-AM  KDIZ  KDZR  KIID  KKDD  KKDZ  KMIC  KMIK  KMKI  KMKY  KMUS  KOCY  KOIL  KPHN  KQAM  KRDY  KWDZ  KYDZ  WAJD  WALL  WBWL  WBYU  WCOG  WDDY  WDDZ  WDRD  WDSS  WDWD  WDYZ  WDZK  WDZN  WDZY  WEOK  WFDF  WGFY  WHKT  WKSH  WMKI  WMNE  WMYM  WNEX  WOLF  WOWW  WPGA  WQEW  WRDZ  WRDZ  WSDZ  WWCS  WWJZ  WWLF  WWMI  WWMK By city: Albany, NY  Albuquerque, NM  Atlanta, GA  Boston, MA  Canonsburg, PA  Charlotte, NC  Chicago, IL  Cleveland, OH  Denver, CO  Farmington Hills, MI  Fresno, AZ  Gainesville, FL  Golden Valley, MN  Grand Rapids, MI  Greensboro, NC  Hartford, CT  Houston, TX  Indianapolis, IN  Jacksonville, FL  Kansas City, MO  Little Rock, AR  Louisville, KY  Macon, GA  Macon, GA  Memphis, TN  Miami, FL  Middletown, NY  Milwaukee, WI  Mt. Holly, NJ  New Orleans, LA  New York, NY  Norfolk, VA  Oklahoma City, OK  Omaha, NE  Omaha, NE  Orlando, FL  Pasadena, CA  Phoenix, AZ  Plano, TX  Portland, OR  Poughkeepsie, NY  Providence, RI  Richmond, VA  Riverside, CA  Romney, WV  Sacramento, CA  Salt Lake City, UT  San Antonio, TX  San Francisco, CA  Seattle, WA  St. Louis, IL  Syracuse, NY  Tampa, FL  Tulsa, OK  West Palm Beach, FL  Wichita, KS