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Information about Voiceless Pharyngeal Fricative

IPA – number144
IPA – textħ
IPA – image
Entityħ
X-SAMPAX\
KirshenbaumH
Sound sample (helpinfo)
The voiceless pharyngeal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is h-bar (ħ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is X\.

Features

Features of the voiceless pharyngeal fricative:

Occurrence

This sound is the most commonly cited realization of the Semitic letter hēth, which occurs in most dialects of Arabic, Classical Syriac, as well as Biblical and Tiberian Hebrew. It has also been reconstructed as appearing in Ancient Egyptian, a related Afro-Asiastic language. Modern non-Oriental Hebrew has merged the voiceless pharyngeal fricative with the voiceless velar (or uvular) fricative. However, phonetic studies have shown that the so-called voiceless pharyngeal fricatives of Semitic languages are often neither pharyngeal (but rather epiglottal) nor fricatives (but rather approximants).[1]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhazҳара[ħaˈra]'we'
Agul??[muħ]'barn'
Arabicواحد[ˈwɑːħɪd]'one'See Arabic phonology
AvarxIебецI[ħeˈbetsʼ]'earwax'
Chechenxъач/ẋaç[ħatʃ]'plum'
Galicianghato/gato[ˈħato]'cat'
Hebrewחַשְׁמַל[ħaʃmaːl]'electricity'Sephardic pronunciation, see Hebrew phonology
Kabardianщхьэ[ɕħæ]'head'
Kabyleaḥeffaf[aħəffaf]'hairdresser'
Kurdishhol[ħol]'environment'dialectal; [h] in most Kurdish dialects
SiouxNakota[haħdanahã]'yesterday'
Somalixood[ħoːd]'cane'
SpanishCubanjacas[ˈħagah]'ponies'Havana dialect

See also

References

1. ^ Ladefoged, Peter; Ian Maddieson. The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell, 167–68. ISBN 0-631-19815-6. 


  Consonants (List, table)See also: IPA, Vowels  
PulmonicsBilabialLab'den.DentalAlveolarPostalv.RetroflexPalatalVelarUvularPharyn.EpiglottalGlottalNon-pulmonics and other symbols
Nasalsmɱn̪nɳɲŋɴClicks ʘǀǃǂǁ
Plosivespbp̪b̪t̪d̪tdʈɖcɟkɡqɢʡʔImplo­sives ɓɗʄɠʛ
Fricatives ɸβfvθszʃʒʂʐʝxɣχʁħʕʜʢhɦEjec­tives pʼtʼkʼqʼsʼ
Approximants β̞ʋ̞ɹɻjɰOther laterals ɺɫ
Trillsʙr•ʀ•Co-articulated approximantsʍwɥ
Flaps & Taps•ѵɾɽ•Co-articulated fricativesɕʑɧ
Lat. Fricativesɬɮ•••Affricates ʦʣʧʤ
Lat. Appr'mantslɭʎʟCo-articulated stops k͡pɡ͡bŋ͡m
This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help]
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged impossible.
International Phonetic Alphabet

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The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
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In the markup languages SGML, HTML, XHTML and XML, a character entity reference is a reference to a particular kind of named entity that has been predefined or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD).
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The Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in
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Kirshenbaum, sometimes called ASCII-IPA or erkIPA, is a system used to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in ASCII. It was developed for Usenet, notably the newsgroups sci.lang and alt.usage.english.
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consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a closure or stricture of the vocal tract sufficient to cause audible turbulence. The word consonant
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Speech communication refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of sounds used in spoken language. A number of academic disciplines study speech and speech sounds, including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, and computer science.
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See Language (journal) for the linguistics journal.


A language is a system of symbols and the rules used to manipulate them. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon.
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International Phonetic Alphabet

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
The Extended SAM Phonetic Alphabet (X-SAMPA) is a variant of SAMPA developed in 1995 by John C. Wells, professor of phonetics at the University of London. It was designed to unify the individual language SAMPA alphabets, and extend SAMPA to cover the entire range of characters in
..... Click the link for more information.
manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is only used for the production of consonants.
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Fricatives (or spirants) are consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together. These are the lower lip against the upper teeth in the case of [f]
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turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic, stochastic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and velocity in space and time.
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place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is the point of contact, where an obstruction occurs in the vocal tract between an active (moving) articulator (typically some part of the tongue) and a passive (stationary) articulator (typically some part of
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A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.

Pharyngeal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):

IPA Description Example (Mishnaic Hebrew)
Orthography IPA Meaning
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The tongue is the large bundle of skeletal muscles on the floor of the mouth that manipulates food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition). It is the primary organ of taste. Much of the surface of the tongue is covered in taste buds.
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The pharynx (plural: pharynges) is the part of the neck and throat situated immediately posterior to the mouth and nasal cavity, and cranial, or superior, to the esophagus, larynx, and trachea.
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In phonetics, phonation is the "use of the laryngeal system to generate an audible source of acoustic energy, i.e., sound, which can then be modified by the articulatory actions of the rest of the vocal apparatus.
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An oral consonant is a consonant sound in speech that is made by allowing air to escape from the mouth. To create an intended oral consonant sound, the entire mouth plays a role in modifying the air's passageway.
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A central or medial consonant is a consonant sound that is produced when air flows across the center of the mouth over the tongue.

Examples of central consonants are the voiceless velar plosive (the "k" in the English word "skin"), the voiced alveolar fricative (the
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Laterals are "L"-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue.
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In phonetics, initiation is the action by which an air-flow is created through the vocal tract. Along with articulation, it is one of the two mandatory aspects of sound production: without initiation, there is no sound.
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In human speech, pulmonic egressive sounds are those in which the air stream is created by the lungs (pulmonic) exhaling and pushing air out (egressive) through the mouth or nose. The majority of sounds in most languages are both pulmonic and egressive.
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lungs flank the heart and great vessels in the chest cavity.[1]]]

The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing vertebrates, the most primitive being the lungfish.
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The space between the vocal cords is called the glottis.

Function

As the vocal cords vibrate, the resulting vibration produces a "buzzing" quality to the speech, called voice or voicing.
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al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):  
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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Hebrew}}} 
Writing system: Alefbet Ivri abjad 
Official status
Official language of:  Israel
Regulated by: Academy of the Hebrew Language

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International Phonetic Alphabet

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mainly in Abkhazia[1] and Turkey. It is the official language of the Republic of Abkhazia, where around 100,000 people speak it, and the second official language of Georgia within the territory of Abkhazia.
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Cyrillic alphabet

Sister systems Latin alphabet
Coptic alphabet
Armenian
Unicode range U+0400 to U+052F
ISO 15924 Cyrl

Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
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Aghul, also called Agul, is a language spoken by the Aguls who live in southern Dagestan (a republic of Russia) and Azerbaijan.

Classification

Aghul belongs to the Lezgian group of the Northeast Caucasian (Dagestan) language family.
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