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Information about Valvular Heart Disease

Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more valves of the heart. The valves in the right side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and the pulmonic valve. The valves in the left side of the heart are the mitral valve and the aortic valve.

In March 29, 2007, pergolide, a dopamine agonist used in treatment of Parkinson's disease and also off label for Restless legs syndrome (RLS), was withdrawn from the US market due to implication in valvular heart disease [1]. The withdrawal was based on findings published in New England Journal of Medicine, confirming previous reports associating pergolide with increased risk of regurgitation of the mitral valve, tricuspid valve, and aortic valve of the heart. Cabergoline, a similar ergot-derived dopamine agonist, is still marketed in EU.

Ergot derivatives (ergotamines) have been implicated in fibrosis not only of the heart valves but also of the pleura and retroperitoneum [2] and possibly other locations.

Types

Each valve may be too narrow (stenosis) or too wide or loose, causing regurgitation. There are different types of valvular heart disease:

See also

Valvular heart disease and pregnancy

References

External links


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Health Science – Medicine - Surgery - Cardiac surgery
In anatomy, the heart valves are valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood by opening and closing depending on the difference in pressure on each side. The mechanical equivalent of the heart valves would be the reed valves.
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heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in the annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.
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The tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary muscles.
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The pulmonary valve, also known as pulmonic valve, is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and has three cusps. Similar to the aortic valve, the pulmonic valve opens in ventricular systole, when the pressure in the right
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The mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve), is a dual flap (bi = 2) valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). In Latin, the term mitral means shaped like a miter, or bishop's cap.
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The aortic valve is one of the valves of the heart. It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Morphology

The aortic valve has three cusps. These cusps are half moon shaped hence also called aortic semilunar valve.
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Pergolide is an ergoline-based dopamine receptor agonist used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease is associated with low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain. Pergolide has some of the same effects as dopamine in the body.
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A dopamine agonist is a compound that activates dopamine receptors, mimicking the effect of the neurotransmitter dopamine.

Uses

Some medical drugs act as dopamine agonists; they are typically used for treating Parkinson's disease, and may be useful for restless legs
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Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
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Off-label use is the practice of prescribing drugs for a purpose outside the scope of the drug's approved label, most often concerning the drug's indication. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires numerous clinical trials to prove a drug's safety and
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Restless legs syndrome
Classification & external resources

Sleep pattern of a Restless Legs Syndrome patient (red) vs. a healthy sleep pattern (blue).
ICD-10 G 25.8
ICD-9 333.
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The New England Journal of Medicine (New Engl J Med or NEJM) is an English-language peer-reviewed medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society. It is one of the most popular and widely-read peer-reviewed general medical journals in the world.
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The mitral valve (also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve), is a dual flap (bi = 2) valve in the heart that lies between the left atrium (LA) and the left ventricle (LV). In Latin, the term mitral means shaped like a miter, or bishop's cap.
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The tricuspid valve is on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and the right ventricle. The normal tricuspid valve usually has three leaflets and three papillary muscles.
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The aortic valve is one of the valves of the heart. It lies between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Morphology

The aortic valve has three cusps. These cusps are half moon shaped hence also called aortic semilunar valve.
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Cabergoline (brand names Dostinex® and Cabaser®), a lysergic acid amide derivative, is a potent dopamine receptor agonist on D2 receptors.[1] It also acts on dopamine receptors in lactophilic hypothalamus cells to suppress prolactin production in the pituitary gland.
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Claviceps

Species

About 50, including:
Claviceps africanum
Claviceps fusiformis
Claviceps paspali
Claviceps purpurea

Ergot is the common name of a fungus in the genus Claviceps
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Ergoline is a chemical compound whose structural skeleton is contained in a diverse range of alkaloids and a few psychedelic drugs (ololiuhqui, LSD). Ergoline derivitives are used clinically for the purpose of vasoconstriction (5-HT 1 Agonists - Ergotamine) and in the treatment of
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MeSH D005355 Fibrosis is the formation or development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue as a reparative or reactive process, as opposed to a formation of fibrous tissue as a normal constituent of an organ or tissue.
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pleurae. The outer pleura is attached to the chest wall and is known as the parietal pleura; the inner one is attached to the lung and other visceral tissues and is known as the visceral pleura.
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The retroperitoneum (adj. retroperitoneal) is the anatomical space behind (retro) the abdominal cavity. It has no specific delineating anatomical structures. Organs are retroperitoneal if they only have peritoneum on their anterior side.
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MeSH D001022 Aortic insufficiency (AI), also known as aortic regurgitation (AR), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle.
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Aortic valve stenosis
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 I 35.0 , I 06.0 , Q 23.0
ICD-9 395.0 , 396.0 , 746.3

DiseasesDB 844
MedlinePlus 000178
eMedicine med/157   Aortic valve stenosis (AS
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MeSH D004696 Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium. The most common structures involved are the heart valves.

Endocarditis can be classified by etiology as either infective or non-infective
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Heart valve dysplasia is a congenital heart defect which in dogs and cats affects the aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid heart valves. Pulmonary valve stenosis and aortic valve stenosis are discussed separately.
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Libman-Sacks endocarditis is a form of nonbacterial endocarditis that is seen in systemic lupus erythematosus. It is the most common cardiac manifestation of lupus.

Presentation

The vegetations are formed from strands of fibrin, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and histiocytes.
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Loeffler endocarditis, a form of endocarditis, is one of the two forms of hypereosinophilic syndrome. It is a restricive cardiomyopathy characterized eosinophilia and eosinophilic penetration leading to the fibrotic thickening of portions of the heart (similar to that of
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Mitral regurgitation
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 I 05.1 , I 34.0 , Q 23.3
ICD-9 394.1 , 424.0 , 746.6

DiseasesDB 8275

eMedicine emerg/314   Mitral regurgitation (MR), a valvular heart disease also known as
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MeSH D008946 Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the orifice of the mitral valve of the heart.

Overview

In normal cardiac physiology, the mitral valve opens during left ventricular diastole, to allow blood to flow from the
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Mitral valve prolapse
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 I 34.1
ICD-9 394.0 , 424.0

OMIM 157700
DiseasesDB .htm 8303
MedlinePlus .htm 000180
eMedicine /topic316 .
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