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Information about Terra Cotta

This article is about the waterproof ceramic material and its uses. For the JVM clustering software, see Terracotta Cluster.


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A terra cotta sculpture of Hanuman in India. The reddish colour is due to iron oxide in the source clay. Clays with low iron content can result in paler colours on firing, ranging from white to yellow.
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Terra cotta designs outside the Kantaji Temple.
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Glazed building decoration at the Forbidden City, Beijing, China.
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The Etruscan "Sarcophagus of the Spouses", at the National Etruscan Museum.
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The Bell Edison Telephone Building, Birmingham, England.
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The Natural History Museum in London has an ornate terracotta facade typical of high Victorian architecture. The carvings represent the contents of the Museum.
Terra cotta (Italian: "baked earth") is a ceramic. Its uses include vessels, water & waste water pipes and surface embellishment in building construction. The term is also used to refer to items made out of this material and to its natural, brownish orange color.

Production and properties

An appropriate refined clay is partially dried and cast, molded, or hand worked into the desired shape. After further thorough drying it is placed in a kiln, or atop combustable material in a pit, and then fired. After pit firing the hot ware is covered with sand to cool, and after kiln firing the kiln is slowly cooled. When unglazed, the material will not be waterproof, but it is suitable for in-ground use to carry pressurized water (an archaic use), for garden ware, and sculpture or building decoration in tropical environments, and for oil containers, oil lamps, or ovens. Most other uses such as for table ware, sanitary piping, or building decoration in freezing environments require that the material be glazed. Terra cotta, if uncracked, will ring if lightly struck, but not as brightly as will ware fired at higher temperature, which is called stoneware. The fired material is relatively weak compared to stoneware. Owing to the low firing temperatures it is possible to use lead-containing glazes, which although once widely used are now recognized as producing both health and environmental hazards.

The unglazed color after firing can vary widely, but most common clays contain enough iron to cause an orange, orangish red, or brownish orange color, with this range including various colors described as "terra cotta". Other colors include yellow, gray, and pink.

History

Terra cotta has been used throughout history for sculpture and pottery, as well as bricks and roof shingles. In ancient times, the first clay sculptures were dried (baked) in the sun after being formed. Later, they were placed in the ashes of open hearths to harden, and finally kilns were used, similar to those used for pottery today. However only after firing to high temperature would it be classed as a ceramic material. The most famous terra cotta statues are those of the terra cotta warriors in China.

Users

Significant uses of terra cotta have included Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Terracotta Army of China, built in 210–209 BC. Mass producers of mold-cast and fired terra cotta figurines were also the ancient Greeks of Tanagra. French sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse made many terra cotta pieces, but possibly the most famous is The Abduction of Hippodameia depicting the Greek mythological scene of a centaur kidnapping Hippodameia on her wedding day. American architect Louis Sullivan is well-known for his elaborate glazed terra cotta ornamentation, designs that would have been impossible to execute in any other medium. Terra cotta and tile were used extensively in the town buildings of Victorian Birmingham, England.

Precolonial West African sculpture also made extensive use of terra cotta[1]. The regions most recognized for producing terra cotta art in this part of the world include the Nok culture of central and north-central Nigeria, the Ife/Benin cultural axis in western and southern Nigeria (also noted for its exceptionally naturalistic sculpture), and the Igbo culture area of eastern Nigeria, which excelled in terra cotta pottery. These related, but separate, traditions also gave birth to elaborate schools of bronze and brass sculpture in the area.

Advantages in sculpture

As compared to bronze sculpture, terra cotta uses a far simpler process for creating the finished work. Reusable mold-making techniques may be used for series production. Compared to marble sculpture and other stonework the finished product is far lighter and may be further glazed to produce objects with color or durable simulations of metal patina. Robust durable works for outdoor use require greater thickness and so will be heavier, with more care needed in the drying of the unfinished piece to prevent cracking as the material shrinks. Structural considerations are similar to those required for stone sculpture.

Color

Terra cotta is a color between orange and brown.
Terra cotta
<imagemap>Image:Information-silk.png|About these coordinates rect 0 0 50 50 About these coordinates desc none</imagemap>— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet#E2725B
RGBB(r, g, b)(226, 114, 91)
HSV(h, s, v)(10°, 70%, 62%)
Source[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)


Dark Terra cotta
<imagemap>Image:Information-silk.png|About these coordinates rect 0 0 50 50 About these coordinates desc none</imagemap>— Color coordinates —
Hex triplet#CC4E5C
RGBB(r, g, b)(204, 78, 92)
HSV(h, s, v)(354°, 55%, 55%)
Source[Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

See also

External links


   
AlizarinAmaranthBurgundyCardinalCarmineCeriseChestnutCoral RedCrimsonDark PinkFalu redFire engine red
            
FuchsiaGirlsnberryHollywood CeriseMagentaMaroonMauvePersian redPinkPomegranateRedRed-violetRose
            
RustPuceSangriaScarletShocking PinkTerra cottaVenetian redVermilion
        

Footnotes

1. ^ H. Meyerowitz; V. Meyerowitz (1939). "Bronzes and Terra-Cottas from Ile-Ife". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 75 (439), 150-152; 154-155.
Open Terracotta

OS: Cross-platform
License: Terracotta Public License
Website: [1] Open Terracotta is Open Source JVM-level clustering software for Java.
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Italian}}} 
Official status
Official language of:  European Union
 European Union
 Switzerland
 San Marino
Vatican City
Sovereign Military Order of Malta

The template is . Please use instead.

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ceramic is derived from the Greek word κεραμικός (keramikos). The term covers inorganic non-metallic materials which are formed by the action of heat.
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construction is the building or assembly of any infrastructure on a site or sites. Although this may not be thought of as a single activity, in fact construction is a feat of multitasking.
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Stoneware is a category of clay and a type of ceramic distinguished primarily by its firing and maturation temperature (from about 1200°C to 1315 °C). In essence, it is man-made stone.
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sculpture is a man-made three-dimensional object intended for special recognition as art. A person that creates sculptures is called a sculptor.

Materials of sculpture through history


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Pottery is the ceramic ware made by potters. In everyday usage the term is taken to encompass a wide range of ceramics, including earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. The places where such wares are made are called potteries.
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brick is red and bad for your teeth.

History

The oldest shaped bricks found date back to 7,500 B.C . They have been found in Çayönü, a place located in the upper Tigris area in south east Anatolia close to Diyarbakir.
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Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting of individual overlapping elements. These elements are normally flat rectangular shapes that are laid in rows without the side edges overlapping, a double layer is used to ensure a waterproof result.
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Kilns are thermally insulated chambers, or ovens, in which a controlled temperature regimes are produced. They are used to harden, burn or dry materials. Specific uses include:
  • To dry green lumber so that the lumber can be used immediately

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State Party China
Type Cultural
Criteria i, iii, iv, vi
Reference 441
Region Asia-Pacific

Inscription History
Inscription 1987  (11th Session)
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The monarch known now as Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇; Pinyin: Qín Shǐ Huáng; Wade-Giles: Ch'in Shih-huang) (259 BCE – September 10, 210 BCE),[1]
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State Party China
Type Cultural
Criteria i, iii, iv, vi
Reference 441
Region Asia-Pacific

Inscription History
Inscription 1987  (11th Session)
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3rd century BC - 2nd century BC
240s BC  230s BC  220s BC - 210s BC - 200s BC  190s BC  180s BC 
213 BC 212 BC 211 BC - 210 BC - 209 BC 208 BC 207 BC

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states

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3rd century BC - 2nd century BC
230s BC  220s BC  210s BC - 200s BC - 190s BC  180s BC  170s BC 
212 BC 211 BC 210 BC - 209 BC - 208 BC 207 BC 206 BC

Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states

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Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (June 12, 1824, Anizy-le-Château - June 4, 1887, Sèvres) was a French sculptor and painterfrom . He was the father of Louis-Robert Carrier-Belleuse.
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The Abduction of Hippodameia by the French sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse (1824-1887) is a classical subject blended with violent emotion, sensuality, and raw animal power.
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Louis Henri Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, called the "father of modernism." He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, and was a mentor to Frank
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Glazed architectural terra-cotta is a ceramic masonry building material popular in the United States from the late 19th century until the 1930s, and still one of the most common building materials found in U.S. urban environments.
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City of Birmingham
Birmingham Skyline viewed from Centenary Square

Coat of Arms of the City Council
Nickname: "Brum = Scum", "Brummagem", "Second City", "Workshop of the World", "City of a Thousand Trades"
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NOK may refer to:
  • ISO 4217 code for Norwegian krone
  • NYSE stock ticker for Nokia Corporation, based in Finland
  • Nok, the ancient civilization from Nigeria or Nok terracotta figures
  • Nok Hockey, the game
  • Nok Kundi, town in Western Pakistan

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Motto
"Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress"
Anthem
"Arise O Compatriots, Nigeria's Call Obey"


Capital Abuja

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IFE may refer to:
  • Ife, a city in Nigeria.
  • IFE, the Spanish acronym for the Mexican Federal Electoral Institute
  • IFE, abbreviation for a proprietary Interactive Fiction Engine created by Simutronics for computer games
  • IFE

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Motto
"Fraternité, Justice, Travail"   (French)
"Fellowship, Justice, Labour"
Anthem
L'Aube Nouvelle   (French)

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Igbo may refer to:
  • the Igbo people
  • Igbo language
  • Igbo mythology
  • Igbo music
  • Igbo-Ukwu
  • Nri-Igbo
  • Igbo Jews

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bronze sculpture is often called simply a "bronze". Common bronze alloys have the unusual and very desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold.
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Marble sculpture is the art of creating three-dimensional forms from marble. Sculpture is among the oldest of the arts. Even before painting cave walls, early humans fashioned shapes from stone. From these beginnings, artifacts have evolved to their current complexity.
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RGB color model is an additive model in which red, green, and blue (often used in additive light models) are combined in various ways to reproduce other colors. The name of the model and the abbreviation ‘RGB’ come from the three primary colors, red, green, and blue and
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Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 625–750 nm.
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