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Information about Synephrine

Synephrine (or oxedrine) is a drug aimed at encouraging fat loss. While its effectiveness is widely debated, synephrine has gained significant popularity as an alternative to ephedrine, a related substance which has been made illegal or restricted in many countries due to concerns about potential problems with heart disease risk and its use in methamphetamine manufacture. Synephrine is derived primarily from the fruit of Citrus aurantium, a relatively small citrus tree, of which several of its more common names include Bitter Orange, Sour Orange, and Zhishi.

Claims

  • Burns fat
  • Increases energy levels
  • Increases metabolism
  • Promotes weight loss

Synephrine is not neosynephrine

There has been some confusion surrounding synephrine and phenylephrine (a.k.a. neosynephrine). While both chemicals are similar in basic structure, being based on the phenethylamine core, they have different substitutions on the benzene ring and terminal amino group that lend them quite different biological properties. Phenylephrine acts primarily on alpha1 adrenergic receptors, so it has mainly vasoconstricting actions. Synephrine's pharmacology has not been thoroughly studied.

Associated risks

Many diet products such as Stacker 2 contain synephrine along with caffeine. Some reports have indicated that such diet pills cause numerous harmful effects. The Mayo Clinic published a report that suggested a link between Stacker 2 pills and increased risk of ischemic stroke, increased blood pressure, and cardiac infarcts.

Synephrine can also cause arrhythmias [1]. It similar to ephedrine [1] and can therefore show similar symptoms (see Ephedrine#Adverse effects).

References

External links

 •  • [ e]
Stimulants
EugeroicsAdrafinil • Carphedon • Modafinil/Armodafinil
Phenethylamines
PiperazinesBZP • MeOPP • MBZP
XanthinesCaffeine • Aminophylline • Paraxanthine • Theobromine • Theophylline
Others
See also
 •  • [ e]
Cardiac stimulants excluding cardiac glycosides (C01C)
Adrenergic and dopaminergic agentsDobutamine • Dopamine • Epinephrine • Fenoldopam • Isoprenaline • Metaraminol • Midodrine • Norepinephrine • Octopamine • Phenylephrine
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE3I)Amrinone • Milrinone • Enoximone • Bucladesine
Other cardiac stimulantsAngiotensinamide • Xamoterol • Levosimendan
drug, broadly speaking, is a substance used as a medicine or narcotic.[1] There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in medicine, government regulations, and colloquial usage.[2]

In pharmacology, Dictionary.
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Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant and to treat hypotension associated with regional
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Methamphetamine (methylamphetamine or desoxyephedrine), popularly shortened to meth and also nicknamed "ice", is a psychostimulant and sympathomimetic drug.
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C. aurantium

Binomial name
Citrus aurantium
L.

The name "bitter orange" refers to a citrus tree (Citrus aurantium) and its fruit.
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Metabolism is the complete set of chemical reactions that occur in living cells. These processes are the basis of life, allowing cells to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. Metabolism is usually divided into two categories.
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Phenylephrine or Neo-Synephrine is an α-adrenergic receptor agonist used primarily as a decongestant, as an agent to dilate the pupil and to increase blood pressure. Phenylephrine has recently been marketed as a substitute for pseudoephedrine, (e.g.
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Phenethylamine, or β-Phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. In the human brain, it is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter (trace amine).
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Benzene, or Benzol (see also Benzine) is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ph–H. Benzene is a colorless and inflammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point.
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Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
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adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors) are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of the catecholamines. Adrenergic receptors specifically bind their endogenous ligands, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline (called epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Stacker 2 is an herbal enhancement pill that claims to help lose weight. Stacker 2 received a lot of publicity from sponsoring Nip/Tuck's 2nd season finale without commercial interruption.
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Caffeine is a xanthine alkaloid compound that acts as a psychoactive stimulant in humans. The word comes from the French term for coffee, café.
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Mayo Clinic is an internationally renowned medical practice based in Rochester, Minnesota, USA integrated with hospital facilities and a medical school. The first and largest facilities of Mayo Clinic are also located in Rochester, but it also runs additional hospitals and
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Stroke
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 I 61. -I 64.
ICD-9 435 - 436

OMIM 601367
DiseasesDB 2247
MedlinePlus 000726pi
eMedicine neuro/9   emerg/558 emerg/557 pmr/187
MeSH D020521

Stroke (or
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Blood pressure (strictly speaking: vascular pressure) refers to the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, and constitutes one of the principal vital signs.
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Cardiac arrhythmia
Classification & external resources

Ventricular Fibrillation or V-Fib, an example of cardiac arrhythmia.
ICD-10 I 47. - I 49.
ICD-9 427

DiseasesDB 15206
MedlinePlus 001101

MeSH D001145 Cardiac arrhythmia
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Ephedrine (EPH) is a sympathomimetic amine similar in structure to the synthetic derivatives amphetamine and methamphetamine. Ephedrine is commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant and to treat hypotension associated with regional
..... Click the link for more information.
Stimulants are drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness. They usually have increased side-effects with increased effectiveness, and the more powerful variants are therefore often prescription medicines or illegal drugs.
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Eugeroics are a class of stimulants that produce long-lasting mental arousal. These stimulants tend to increase alertness may not have the peripheral (body) effects or addiction/tolerance/abuse potential of the traditional stimulants.
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Adrafinil is a mild central nervous system stimulant drug used to relieve excessive sleepiness and inattention in elderly patients. It is also used off-label by individuals wishing to avoid fatigue, such as night workers or others who need to stay awake and alert for long periods
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Carphedon (C12H14N2O2, 2-(4-phenyl-2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamide) is a derivative of the nootropic drug piracetam. It was developed in Russia, and a small number of low-scale clinical studies have shown possible links between
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Modafinil is a eugeroic drug generally prescribed to treat narcolepsy, made by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc. It is not a typical stimulant and is often described as a "wakefulness promoting agent." The drug is sometimes prescribed off-label for ADD/ADHD.
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Armodafinil (Nuvigil®) is an eugeroic drug produced by the pharmaceutical company Cephalon Inc., which was approved by the FDA on June 15, 2007.

Cephalon plans to conduct clinical trials evaluating the use of Nuvigil as a treatment for serious medical
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Phenethylamine, or β-Phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. In the human brain, it is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter (trace amine).
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4-Fluoroamphetamine, para-fluoroamphetamine or 4-fluoro-alpha-methylphenethylamine (4-FMP), is a central nervous system stimulant. It is a chemical analog of amphetamine, and is also related to other phenethylamines, such as cathinone, methcathinone, and
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4-methylthioamphetamine is a drug known as 4MT, 4-MTA, "Flatliners" or 1-(4-methylthiophenyl)-2-aminopropane. It was developed by the research team led by David E. Nichols, but was intended to be used only as an agent for laboratory research into the serotonin transporter protein,
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Alpha-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (α-PPP) is a stimulant drug. It is similar in structure to the appetite suppressant diethylpropion and has analogous effects in animals.
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Amphetamine or Amfetamine(Alpha-Methyl-PHenEThylAMINE), also known as beta-phenyl-isopropylamine and benzedrine, is a prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults and children.
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Dextroamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant which produces increased wakefulness, energy and self-confidence in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. It is perhaps the archetypal psychostimulant, and drugs with similar psychoactive properties are often referred to as
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Adderall is a pharmaceutical psychostimulant comprising mixed amphetamine salts. The drug is used primarily to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Adderall has also been used successfully to manage severe cases of treatment-resistant depression.
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