Information about Sulfate
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The sulfate anion, SO42−
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The structure and bonding of the sulfate ion
Chemical properties
The sulfate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula SO42− and a molecular mass of 96.06 daltons; it consists of one central sulfur atom surrounded by four equivalent oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement. The sulfate ion carries a negative two charge and is the conjugate base of the hydrogen sulfate (also known as bisulfate) ion, HSO4−, which is the conjugate base of H2SO4, sulfuric acid.Sulfate compounds arise when cations combine with the anion SO42−. Often this combination results in an ionic compound, although sulfates can engage in covalent bonding with most elements. The metal complex PtSO4P(C6H5)32 is clearly covalent Pt-O bonding. Dialkylsulfates, such as dimethylsulfate are covalent, distillable species. Many sulfate salts are highly soluble in water. Exceptions include calcium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and barium sulfate, which are poorly soluble. The barium derivative is useful in the gravimetric analysis of sulfate: one adds a solution of, perhaps, barium chloride to a solution containing sulfate ions. The appearance of a white precipitate, which is barium sulfate, indicates that sulfate anions are present.
Uses
Sulfates are important in both the chemical industry and biological systems:- The lead-acid battery typically uses sulfuric acid.
- Some anaerobic microorganisms, such as those living near deep sea thermal vents utilize sulfates as electron acceptors.
- Copper sulfate is a common algaecide.
- Magnesium sulfate, commonly known as Epsom salts, is used in therapeutic baths.
- Gypsum, the natural mineral form of hydrated calcium sulfate, is used to produce plaster.
- The sulfate ion is used as counter ion for some cationic drugs.
Sulfur oxoanions
- SO52− peroxomonosulfate ion
- SO42− sulfate ion
- SO32− sulfite ion
- S2O82− peroxodisulfate ion
- S2O72− pyrosulfate ion
- S2O62− dithionate ion
- S2O52− metabisulfite ion
- S2O42− dithionite ion
- S4O62− tetrathionate ion
Environmental effects
Sulfates occur as microscopic particles (aerosols) resulting from fossil fuel and biomass combustion. They increase the acidity of the atmosphere and form acid rain.Main effects on climate
The first (direct) effect is to scatter light, effectively increasing the Earth's albedo. This effect is moderately well understood and leads to a cooling from the negative radiative forcing of about 0.5 W/m2 relative to pre-industrial values,[1] partially offsetting the larger (about 2.4 W/m2) warming effect of greenhouse gases. The effect is strongly spatially non-uniform, being largest downstream of large industrial areas.The first indirect effect is also known as the Twomey effect. Sulfate aerosols can act as cloud condensation nuclei and this leads to greater numbers of smaller droplets of water. Lots of smaller droplets can diffuse light more efficiently than just a few larger droplets.
The second indirect effect is the further knock-on effects of having more cloud condensation nuclei. It is proposed that these include the suppression of drizzle, increased cloud height (Pincus & Baker 1994), to facilitate cloud formation at low humidities and longer cloud lifetime (Albrecht 1989). Sulfate may also result in changes in the particle size distribution, which can affect the clouds radiative properties in ways that are not fully understood. Chemical effects such as the dissolution of soluble gases and slightly soluble substances, surface tension depression by organic substances and accommodation coefficient changes are also included in the second indirect effect [2].
The indirect effects probably have a cooling effect, perhaps up to 2 W/m2, although the uncertainty is very large.
Sulfates are therefore implicated in global dimming, which may have acted to offset some of the effects of global warming.
See also
References
1. ^ Figure 3: The global mean radiative forcing of the climate system for the year 2000, relative to 1750. Climate Change 2001: Working Group I: The Scientific Basis. IPCC.
2. ^ Chemical Amplification (or dampening) of the Twomey Effect: Conditions derived from droplet activation theory. T.A. Rissman, A. Nenes, J.H. Seinfeld.
2. ^ Chemical Amplification (or dampening) of the Twomey Effect: Conditions derived from droplet activation theory. T.A. Rissman, A. Nenes, J.H. Seinfeld.
Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (compounds containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry.
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (IPA: [aɪ ju pæk]) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1919 devoted to the advancement of chemistry.
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British English (BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the United Kingdom from forms used elsewhere in the Anglophone world.
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This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. For the everyday meaning, see salt or its main ingredient, sodium chloride. For other meanings of the word salt, see salt (disambiguation).
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Sulfuric (or sulphuric) acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It was once known as oil of vitriol, coined by the 8th-century Arabian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) after his discovery of the chemical.
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polyatomic ion is a molecule that bears ionic groups, that is, a molecule with a charge. The majority of biological compounds and inorganic species conform to this strict definition.
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In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is a simple expression of the relative number of each type of atom in it. An empirical formula makes no reference to isomerism, structure, or absolute number of atoms.
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6
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 999.6 kJmol−1
2nd: 2252 kJmol−1
3rd: 3357 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 999.6 kJmol−1
2nd: 2252 kJmol−1
3rd: 3357 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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The unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular masses. It is defined to be one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state.
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atom (Greek ἄτομος or átomos meaning "indivisible") is the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element.
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For the academic journal, see Tetrahedron (journal).
A tetrahedron (plural: tetrahedra) is a polyhedron composed of four triangular faces, three of which meet at each vertex.
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Charge or Charged may refer to:
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- Charge (physics), the susceptibility of a body to one of the fundamental forces
- *electric charge
- *color charge
- *magnetic charge
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conjugate acid is the acid member, HX, of a pair of two compounds that transform into each other by gain or loss of a proton. A conjugate acid can also be seen as the chemical substance that releases a proton in the backward chemical reaction. Thus, the term acid.
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Dimethyl sulfate is a chemical compound with formula (CH3O)2SO2. As the dimethyl ester of sulfuric acid. Its formula is often written as (CH3)2SO4 or even Me2SO4
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Solubility is a physical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.[1] It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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Calcium sulfate is a common laboratory and industrial chemical. In the form of γ-anhydrite (the nearly anhydrous form), it is used as a desiccant. While natural, unrefined calcium sulfate is a translucent, crystalline white rock, a form sold under the name Drierite®
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Strontium sulfate (SrSO4) is the sulfate salt of strontium. It is a white odorless, crystalline powder. It occurs in nature as the mineral celestine.
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Chemical Properties
It is soluble in water to the extent of 1 part in 8,800...... Click the link for more information.
Barium sulfate (or barium sulphate) is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is poorly soluble in water and other traditional solvents but is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Gravimetry is the measurement of a gravitational field. Gravimetry may be used when either the magnitude of gravitational field or the properties of matter responsible for its creation are of interest.
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Barium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula BaCl2. It is one of the most important water-soluble salts of barium. Like other barium salts, it is toxic and imparts a yellow-green coloration to a flame. It is also hygroscopic.
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Barium sulfate (or barium sulphate) is a white crystalline solid with the chemical formula BaSO4. It is poorly soluble in water and other traditional solvents but is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Lead-acid batteries, invented in 1859 by French physicist Gaston Planté, are the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Despite having the second lowest energy-to-weight ratio (next to the nickel-iron battery) and a correspondingly low energy-to-volume ratio, their ability to supply
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Black smokers are a type of hydrothermal vent found on the ocean floor. The vents are formed in fields hundreds of meters wide when superheated water from below the Earth's crust comes through the ocean floor. It can also be known as a Sea Vent.
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Copper(II) sulfate ("sulphate" in most Commonwealth nations) is the chemical compound with the formula CuSO4. This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration.
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phytoplankton — provide the food base for most marine food chains. In very high densities (so-called algal blooms) these algae may discolor the water and outcompete or poison other life forms.
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Magnesium sulfate (or sulphate) is a chemical compound containing magnesium and sulfate, with the formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate, MgSO4·7H2O, commonly called Epsom salts.
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Magnesium sulfate (or sulphate) is a chemical compound containing magnesium and sulfate, with the formula MgSO4. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate, MgSO4·7H2O, commonly called Epsom salts.
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