Information about Still
A still is an apparatus used to distill miscible or immiscible (eg. steam distillation) liquid mixtures by heating to selectively boil and then cooling to condense the vapor. Stills have been used to produce perfume and medicine, Water for Injection (WFI) for pharmaceutical use, generally to separate and purify different chemicals, and most famously, to produce distilled beverages containing ethyl alcohol.
Since ethyl alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water, a common application of the process of distillation is to produce strong alcoholic drinks. Usually a still used for this purpose is made of copper, since it removes sulfur-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink. Modern stills are made of stainless steel with copper innards (piping, for example, will be lagged with copper along with copper plate inlays along still walls). Using this combination of metals is much cheaper as it prevents erosion of the entire vessel and lowers copper levels in the waste product (which in large distilleries is processed to become animal feed). All copper stills will require repairs about every 8 years because of copper erosion from the compounds it is designed to remove; this erosion is therefore unavoidable. The alcohol industry was the first to use anything close to a modern distillation apparatus and led the way in developing what is now a large part of the chemical industry.
The simplest standard distillation apparatus is commonly known as a pot still, consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol. A pot still incorporates only one condensation, whereas other types of distillation equipment have multiple stages which result in higher purification of the more volatile component (alcohol). Pot still distillation gives an incomplete separation, but this can be desirable for the flavor of some distilled beverages.
If a purer distillate is desired, a reflux still is the most common solution. Reflux stills incorporate a fractionating column, commonly created by filling copper vessels with glass beads to maximize available surface area. As alcohol boils, condenses, and reboils through the column, the effective number of distillations greatly increases. Vodka and rum are both distilled by this method, then diluted to concentrations appropriate for human consumption.
The alcoholic product of illegal stills in the United States is commonly referred to as moonshine.
Application
Main article: distilled beverages)
Swan necked copper stills in the Glenfiddich distillery.
Since ethyl alcohol boils at a lower temperature than water, a common application of the process of distillation is to produce strong alcoholic drinks. Usually a still used for this purpose is made of copper, since it removes sulfur-based compounds from the alcohol that would make it unpleasant to drink. Modern stills are made of stainless steel with copper innards (piping, for example, will be lagged with copper along with copper plate inlays along still walls). Using this combination of metals is much cheaper as it prevents erosion of the entire vessel and lowers copper levels in the waste product (which in large distilleries is processed to become animal feed). All copper stills will require repairs about every 8 years because of copper erosion from the compounds it is designed to remove; this erosion is therefore unavoidable. The alcohol industry was the first to use anything close to a modern distillation apparatus and led the way in developing what is now a large part of the chemical industry.
The simplest standard distillation apparatus is commonly known as a pot still, consisting of a single heated chamber and a vessel to collect purified alcohol. A pot still incorporates only one condensation, whereas other types of distillation equipment have multiple stages which result in higher purification of the more volatile component (alcohol). Pot still distillation gives an incomplete separation, but this can be desirable for the flavor of some distilled beverages.
If a purer distillate is desired, a reflux still is the most common solution. Reflux stills incorporate a fractionating column, commonly created by filling copper vessels with glass beads to maximize available surface area. As alcohol boils, condenses, and reboils through the column, the effective number of distillations greatly increases. Vodka and rum are both distilled by this method, then diluted to concentrations appropriate for human consumption.
The alcoholic product of illegal stills in the United States is commonly referred to as moonshine.
See also
Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical process, and is thus referred to as a unit operation.
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Miscibility is a term in chemistry that refers to the property of liquids to mix in all proportions, forming a homogeneous solution. In principle, the term applies also to other phases (solids and gases), but the main focus on the solubility of one liquid in another.
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Steam distillation is a special type of distillation (a separation process) for temperature sensitive materials like natural aromatic compounds.
Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures.
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Many organic compounds tend to decompose at high sustained temperatures.
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Liquid is one of the four principal states of matter. A liquid is a fluid that can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of its bulk material.
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Characteristics
A liquid's shape is determined by, not confined to, the container it fills...... Click the link for more information.
Boiling, a type of phase transition, is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which typically occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding environmental
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Condensation is the change in matter of a substance to a denser phase, such as a gas (or vapor) to a liquid.[1] Condensation commonly occurs when a vapor is cooled to a liquid, but can also occur if a vapor is compressed (i.e.
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Vapor or vapour (see spelling differences) is the gas phase component of another state of matter (e.g. liquid or solid) which does not completely fill its container. It is distinguished from the pure gas phase by the presence of the same substance in another state of matter.
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Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell.
The precise formulas of commercial perfumes are kept secret.
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Describing a perfume
The precise formulas of commercial perfumes are kept secret.
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Medicine is the science and "" of maintaining and/or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of patients. The term is derived from the Latin ars medicina meaning the art of healing.
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distilled beverage is a consumable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as fruit, vegetables, or grain. The word spirits
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Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, drinking alcohol or grain alcohol, is a flammable, colorless, slightly toxic chemical compound, and is best known as the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
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distilled beverage is a consumable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as fruit, vegetables, or grain. The word spirits
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boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid.[1][2][3][4]
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trillion fold).]]
Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.
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Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics.
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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6
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 999.6 kJmol−1
2nd: 2252 kJmol−1
3rd: 3357 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 999.6 kJmol−1
2nd: 2252 kJmol−1
3rd: 3357 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical process, and is thus referred to as a unit operation.
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A pot still is a type of still used in distilling spirits such as whisky or brandy. Heat is applied directly to the pot in which the mash (in the case of whisky) or wine (in the case of Cognac) is contained.
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Condensation is the change in matter of a substance to a denser phase, such as a gas (or vapor) to a liquid.[1] Condensation commonly occurs when a vapor is cooled to a liquid, but can also occur if a vapor is compressed (i.e.
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sEParation is an EP by Destroy Babylon, released on May 4th, 2007.
2. Apathy Keeps Me Going
3. A Pathetic Dubb Ya
4. Choice Hops
5. The President's Hidden Horns
6. ADD to the Oligopuzzle
7.
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Tracks
1. Dubblespeak2. Apathy Keeps Me Going
3. A Pathetic Dubb Ya
4. Choice Hops
5. The President's Hidden Horns
6. ADD to the Oligopuzzle
7.
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distilled beverage is a consumable liquid containing ethyl alcohol (ethanol) purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as fruit, vegetables, or grain. The word spirits
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Reflux is a technique used in industrial and laboratory distillations. It is also used in chemistry to apply energy to reactions over a long time.
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Reflux in industrial distillation
The term reflux [1][2]..... Click the link for more information.
A Fractionating Column or Fractionation Column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures so as to separate the mixture into its component parts, or fractions, based on the differences in their volatilities.
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Area is the measure of how much exposed area any two dimensional object has. It is expressed in square units, and is calculated by adding together the areas of all the faces of the object.
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Area formulas
Note: For 2D figures, the surface area and the area are the same...... Click the link for more information.
Vodka is one of the world's most popular distilled beverages. It is a clear liquid containing water, ethanol purified by distillation from a fermented substance such as potatoes, grain or molasses, and an insignificant amount of other substances: impurities and possibly flavorings.
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Rum is a distilled beverage made from sugarcane byproducts such as molasses and sugarcane juice by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak and other casks.
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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Moonshine is a common slang term for home-distilled alcohol, especially in places where this production is illegal.
The name is often assumed to be derived from the fact that moonshine producers and smugglers would often work at night (i.e.
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The name is often assumed to be derived from the fact that moonshine producers and smugglers would often work at night (i.e.
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Distillation is a method of separating chemical substances based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture. Distillation usually forms part of a larger chemical process, and is thus referred to as a unit operation.
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