Information about Slave Rebellion
slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery, and are amongst the most feared events for slave owners. Famous historic slave rebellions have been led by Denmark Vesey; the Roman slave Spartacus; the thrall Tunni who rebelled against the Swedish king Ongenşeow, a rebellion that needed Danish assistance to be quelled; Madison Washington during the Creole case in 19th century America; and Granny Nanny of the Maroons who rebelled against the British in Jamaica.
Slave resistance in the antebellum South finally became the focus of historical scholarship in the 1940s, when historian Herbert Aptheker started publishing the first serious scholarly work on the subject. Aptheker stressed how the rebellion was rooted in the exploitative conditions of the Southern slave system. He traversed libraries and archives throughout the South, managing to uncover roughly 250 similar instances, though none of them reached the scale of the Nat Turner uprising.
John Brown had already conducted several massacres of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas, when he decided to lead a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (West Virginia was not yet a state). This raid was an attempt by a handful of white men to cause a slave revolt in the South. It failed in this attempt; in fact, the first man they killed was a local freed black man.
Nat Turner, a slave himself, led a revolt in Southhampton, Virginia. Turner, who was a natural preacher, led a small revolt of some 40 slaves and before being caught was able to kill some 55 white slave owners. Though the morale of the average slave may have been raised a bit, among the white Southern population it only raised fears of other slave revolts and made them resent and distrust the slaves even more than they did already.
English peasants' revolt of 1381 led to calls for reform, and marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England.[6]
In Russia, the slaves were usually classified as kholops. A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life. Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until the 1723, when the Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679.[7] 16th and 17th centuries runaway serfs known as Cossacks (‘outlaws’) formed autonomous communities in the southern steppes.
There were numerous rebellions against the slavery and serfdom, most often in conjunction with Cossack uprisings, such as the uprisings of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607), Stenka Razin (1667-1671),[8] Kondraty Bulavin (1707-1709), and Yemelyan Pugachev (1773-1775), often involving hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions.[9] Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.[10]
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North America
Numerous slave rebellions and insurrections took place in North America during the 18th and 19th centuries. There is documentary evidence of more than 250 uprisings or attempted uprisings involving ten or more slaves. Three of the best known in the United States are the revolts by Gabriel Prosser in Virginia in 1800, Denmark Vesey in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, and Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831.Slave resistance in the antebellum South finally became the focus of historical scholarship in the 1940s, when historian Herbert Aptheker started publishing the first serious scholarly work on the subject. Aptheker stressed how the rebellion was rooted in the exploitative conditions of the Southern slave system. He traversed libraries and archives throughout the South, managing to uncover roughly 250 similar instances, though none of them reached the scale of the Nat Turner uprising.
John Brown had already conducted several massacres of pro-slavery settlers in Kansas, when he decided to lead a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia (West Virginia was not yet a state). This raid was an attempt by a handful of white men to cause a slave revolt in the South. It failed in this attempt; in fact, the first man they killed was a local freed black man.
Nat Turner, a slave himself, led a revolt in Southhampton, Virginia. Turner, who was a natural preacher, led a small revolt of some 40 slaves and before being caught was able to kill some 55 white slave owners. Though the morale of the average slave may have been raised a bit, among the white Southern population it only raised fears of other slave revolts and made them resent and distrust the slaves even more than they did already.
List of North American slave revolts
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1739 Stono Rebellion 1741 New York Insurrection 1805 Chatham Manor 1800 Gabriel Prosser (Suppressed) 1811 Charles Deslandes (Suppressed) 1815 George Boxley (Suppressed) 1822 Denmark Vesey (Suppressed) 1831 Nat Turner's rebellion 1839 Amistad 1856 Pottawatomie Massacre 1859 John Brown |
- New York Revolt of 1712
- Stono Rebellion (1739)
- New York Slave Insurrection of 1741
- Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)
- Chatham Manor Rebellion (1805)
- Louisiana Territory Slave Rebellion, led by Charles Deslandes (1811)
- George Boxley Rebellion (1815)
- Denmark Vesey's Uprising (1822)
- Nat Turner's slave rebellion (1831)
- Black Seminole Slave Rebellion (1835-1838)
- Amistad Seizure (1839)
- John Brown raids Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1859)
- Slave revolt around 1570, led by Gaspar Yanga near Veracruz, Mexico; the group then escaped to the highlands and built a free colony
South America and Caribbean
- Quilombo dos Palmares in Brazil most famously led by Zumbi.
- The most successful slave uprising in the Americas was that the Haitian Revolution, which began in 1791 and was eventually led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, culminating in the independent black republic of Haiti.
- Panama also has an extensive history of slave rebellions going back to the 16th century. Slaves were brought to the isthmus from many regions in Africa now in modern day countries like the Congo, Senegal, Guinea, and Mozambique. Immediately before their arrival on shore, or very soon after, many enslaved Africans revolted against their captors, or participated in mass maroonage, or desertion. The freed Africans founded communities in the forests and mountains, organized guerrilla bands known as Cimarrones, and began a long guerrilla war against the Spanish Conquistadores, sometimes in conjunction with nearby indigenous communities like the Kuna and the Guaymí. Despite massacres by the Spanish, the rebels fought until the Spanish crown was forced to concede to treaties that granted the Africans a life without Spanish violence and incursions. The leaders of the guerrilla revolts included Felipillo, Bayano, Juan de Dioso, Domingo Congo, Antón Mandinga, and Luis de Mozambique.
- Tacky's War (1760)
- Suriname, constant guerrilla warfare by Maroons, in 1765-1793 by the Aluku led by Boni
- Berbice, 1763 slave revolt, led by Cuffy
- Curaçao, 1795 slave revolt, led by Tula
- Venezuela, José Leonardo Chirino's Insurrection 1795
- Barbados, 1816 slave revolt, led by Bussa
- Guyana, The Demerara Rebellions of 1795 and 1823[1]
- Jamaica's Baptist War, 1831-1832, led by the Baptist preacher, Samuel Sharpe.
- Bahia Rebellion of 1835 (The Great Revolt)(Brazil)[2].
- Bahia Rebellion of 1822-1830(Brazil)[2].
- Bahia Rebellion of 1835 (Brazil)[2].
- In the British Virgin Islands, minor slave revolts occurred in 1790, 1823 and 1830.
Europe
Probably the most famous slave rebellion in Europe was that led by Spartacus in Roman Italy, the Third Servile War.[5] This was the third in a series of unrelated Servile Wars fought by slaves to the Romans.English peasants' revolt of 1381 led to calls for reform, and marked the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England.[6]
In Russia, the slaves were usually classified as kholops. A kholop's master had unlimited power over his life. Slavery remained a major institution in Russia until the 1723, when the Peter the Great converted the household slaves into house serfs. Russian agricultural slaves were formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679.[7] 16th and 17th centuries runaway serfs known as Cossacks (‘outlaws’) formed autonomous communities in the southern steppes.
There were numerous rebellions against the slavery and serfdom, most often in conjunction with Cossack uprisings, such as the uprisings of Ivan Bolotnikov (1606-1607), Stenka Razin (1667-1671),[8] Kondraty Bulavin (1707-1709), and Yemelyan Pugachev (1773-1775), often involving hundreds of thousands and sometimes millions.[9] Between the end of the Pugachev rebellion and the beginning of the 19th century, there were hundreds of outbreaks across Russia.[10]
Africa
In 1808 and 1825 there were slave rebellions in the Cape Colony, newly acquired by the British. Although the slave trade was officially abolished in the British Empire by the Slave Trade Act of 1807, and slavery itself a generation later with the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, it took until 1850 to be halted in the territories which were to become South Africa. [11]Bibliography
- Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts, 6. ed., New York : International Publ., 1993 - classic
- David P. Geggus, ed., The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001
- Eugene D. Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World, Louisiana State University Press 1980
- Joao Jose Reis, Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia (Johns Hopkins Studies in Atlantic History and Culture), Johns Hopkins Univ Press 1993
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Encyclopedia of Slave Resistance and Rebellion. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2007.
- Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2007.
External links
- PBS online article: New York: The Revolt of 1712
- Rebellion: John Horse and the Black Seminoles, First Black Rebels to Beat American Slavery, these maroons affiliated with Seminole Indians in Florida led a slave rebellion that would be the largest in U.S. history.
- Bahia Revolt
- Hahn, Steven. "The Greatest Slave Rebellion in Modern History: Southern Slaves in the American Civil War" Southern Spaces
- Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History
References and notes
1. ^ McGowan, Winston (2006). The 1763 and 1823 slave rebellions. Starbroeck News. Retrieved on December 07, 2006.
2. ^ "A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "|. "Muhammad Shareef".
3. ^ "A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "|. "Muhammad Shareef".
4. ^ "A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "|. "Muhammad Shareef".
5. ^ The Sicilian Slave Wars and Spartacus
6. ^ Chronology Of Slavery
7. ^ Ways of ending slavery
8. ^ Russia before Peter the Great
9. ^ Rebellions
10. ^ The Slave Revolts
11. ^ Giliomee, Hermann (2003). "The Afrikaners", Chapter 4 - Masters, Slaves and Servants, the fear of gelykstelling, Page 93,94
2. ^ "A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "|. "Muhammad Shareef".
3. ^ "A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "|. "Muhammad Shareef".
4. ^ "A Continuity of the 19th Century Jihaad Movements of Western Sudan "|. "Muhammad Shareef".
5. ^ The Sicilian Slave Wars and Spartacus
6. ^ Chronology Of Slavery
7. ^ Ways of ending slavery
8. ^ Russia before Peter the Great
9. ^ Rebellions
10. ^ The Slave Revolts
11. ^ Giliomee, Hermann (2003). "The Afrikaners", Chapter 4 - Masters, Slaves and Servants, the fear of gelykstelling, Page 93,94
Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services.
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The history of slavery covers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures and throughout human history. Slavery, generally defined, refers to the systematic exploitation of labor for work and services without consent and/or the possession of other persons as
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Slavery as an institution in Mediterranean cultures of the ancient world comprised a mixture of debt-slavery, slavery as a punishment for crime, and the enslavement of prisoners of war.
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The issue of religion and slavery is an area of historical and theological research into the relationship between the world's major religions and the practice of slavery.
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Slavery in the Bible
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Atlantic slave trade, also known as the Transatlantic slave trade, was the trade of African persons supplied to the colonies of the "New World" that occurred in and around the Atlantic Ocean. It lasted from the 16th century to the 19th century.
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The slave trade in Africa has existed for thousands of years. The first main route passed through the Sahara, tying in to the Arab slave trade. After the European Age of Exploration, African slaves became part of the Atlantic slave trade, from which comes the modern, Western
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The Arab slave trade refers to the practice of slavery in West Asia, North Africa and East Africa. The trade mostly involved North and East Africans and Middle Eastern peoples (Arabs, Berbers, Persians, etc.
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The trafficking of human beings is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of people for the purpose of exploitation. Trafficking involves a process of using illicit means such as threat, use of force, or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
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Sexual slavery is a special case of slavery which includes various different practices:
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- forced prostitution
- single-owner sexual slavery
- ritual slavery, sometimes associated with traditional religious practices
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Discrimination
Major forms
Racism
Sexism
Homophobia
Ageism
Antisemitism
Islamophobia
Ableism
Manifestations
Slavery · Racial profiling
Hate speech · Hate crime
Genocide · Ethnocide · Holocaust
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Major forms
Racism
Sexism
Homophobia
Ageism
Antisemitism
Islamophobia
Ableism
Manifestations
Slavery · Racial profiling
Hate speech · Hate crime
Genocide · Ethnocide · Holocaust
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Servitude may refer to:
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- Service
- conscription
- employment
- Slavery
- indentured servitude
- involuntary servitude
- penal servitude
- Servitude (BDSM)
- An equitable servitude is a term of real estate law
- servitude in civil law
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Gulag ( , Russian: ГУЛАГ
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Serfdom is the socio-economic status of peasants under feudalism, and specifically relates to Manorialism. It was a condition of bondage or modified slavery seen primarily during the Middle Ages in Europe.
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Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will by the threat of destitution, detention, violence (including death), or other extreme hardship to themselves, or to
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Debt bondage or bonded labor is a means of paying off loans with direct labor instead of currency or goods. It is either a kind of indenture or truck system, and is a form of unfree labor. Historically, in the USA, it is also sometimes called peonage.
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"Slaves" redirects here. For other uses, see Slavery.
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In law legal status refers to the concept of individuals having a particular place in society, relative to the law, as it determines the laws which affect them. Degrees of status, as well as the rights and statutes which apply, vary in accordance with several standard (as well as
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prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of personal freedoms.
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Immigration is the movement of people from one place to another. While human migration has existed throughout human history, immigration implies long-term permanent residence (and often eventual citizenship) by the immigrants: tourists and short-term visitors are not considered
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Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services.
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This is a list of revolutions and rebellions.
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BCE
- 206 BC: Ziying, last ruler of the Qin Dynasty of China surrenders himself to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt and founder of the Han Dynasty.
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Denmark Vesey (originally Telemaque, 1767? — July 2, 1822) was an African American slave, and later a freeman, who planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States had word of the plans not been leaked.
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Ancient Rome was a civilization that grew from a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula circa the 9th century BC to a massive empire straddling the Mediterranean Sea.
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Spartacus (ca. 120 BC[1] – ca. 70 BC), according to Roman historians, was a gladiator-slave who became the leader (or possibly one of several) in the unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic known as the Third Servile War.
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A thrall (Şræll; Şír, f.) was a slave in Scandinavian culture during the Viking Age. Slavery was one of the primary sources of income for the Vikings. Thralls were first described by the Roman historian Tacitus, who wrote in AD 98 that the Swedes (Suiones) had no
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Ongenşeow, Ongentheow, Ongendşeow, Egil, Egill, Eigil, or Angantyr (– ca 515) was the name of one or two semi-legendary Swedish kings of the house of Scylfings, who appear in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian sources.
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Madison Washington was the instigator of a slave revolt onboard the Brig Creole. This slave ship was transporting Washington, the ship's slave cook, as well as 134 other slaves from Virginia to New Orleans.
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The Creole case was an incident in American history concerning the coastwise slave trade, which flourished for a half century or longer. In 1841, a brig named Creole (also known as USS Creole
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