Information about Silver Chloride
| Silver chloride | |
|---|---|
) | |
| IUPAC name | Silver(I) chloride |
| Other names | Silver chloride; cerargyrite; chlorargyrite; horn silver |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| RTECS number | VW3563000 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | AgCl |
| Molar mass | 0 g mol-1 |
| Appearance | White Solid |
| Density | 5.56 × 103 kg m−3 |
| Melting point | 455 °C |
| Boiling point | 1150 °C |
| Solubility in water | 52 × 10−6 g/100 g at 50 °C |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | halite |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std enthalpy of formation ΔfH | −127.01 kJ mol−1 |
| Standard molar entropy S | 96.25 J mol−1 K−1 |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | ScienceLab.com |
| NFPA 704 |
|
| Related Compounds | |
| Other anions | silver(I) fluoride, silver bromide, silver iodide |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 C, 100 kPa) | |
)
Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl. This white crystalline solid is well known for its low solubility in water (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl+ and Pb2+). Upon illumination or heating, silver chloride converts to silver (and chlorine), which is signalled by greyish or purplish coloration to some samples. AgCl occurs naturally as a mineral chlorargyrite.
Coordination chemistry
The solid adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which each Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly.[1] AgCl dissolves in solutions containing ligands such as chloride, triphenylphosphine, thiosulfate, and ammonia. Silver chloride reacts with these ligands according to the following illustrative equations:- AgCl(s) + Cl–(concentrated, aqueous) → AgCl2-(aq)
- AgCl(s) + 2S2O32–(aq) → Ag[(S2O3)2]3-(aq) + Cl-(aq)
- AgCl(s) + 2NH3(aq) → Ag[(NH3)2]+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
In one of the most famous reactions in chemistry, addition of colorless aqueous silver nitrate to an equally colorless solution of sodium chloride produces an opaque white precipitate of AgCl:[2] This conversion is a common test for the presence of chloride in solution. The solubility product, Ksp, for AgCl is 1.8 x 10-10, which indicates that one liter of water will dissolve 0.000013 grams of AgCl. The chloride content of an aqueous solution can be determined quantitatively by weighing the precipitated AgCl, which conveniently is non-hygroscopic, since AgCl is one of the few transition metal chlorides that is unreactive toward water. Ions that interfere with this test are bromide and iodide, as well as a variety of ligands. For AgBr and AgI, the Ksp values are 5.2 x 10-13 and 8.3 x 10-17, respectively. The bromide (tan) and iodide (yellow) are also significantly more photosensitive than is AgCl.
Applications
- Silver chloride is used to make photographic film and photographic paper since it converts to gray-black metallic Ag via photoreduction.
- The Silver Chloride Electrode is a common reference electrode in electrochemistry.
- Silver chloride's low solubility makes it a useful addition to pottery glazes for the production of "Inglaze lustre".
- Silver chloride has been used as an antidote for mercury poisoning, assisting in the elimination of mercury.
- Silver chloride is often used in photochromic lenses, again taking advantage of its reversible conversion to Ag metal.
- Silver chloride is used to create yellow, amber, and brown shades in stained glass manufacture.
- Silver chloride is used in bandages and wound healing products.
Footnotes
1. ^ Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
2. ^ More info on Chlorine test: [1]
2. ^ More info on Chlorine test: [1]
External links
- Silver Chloride Data Sheet
- Science Lab.com MSDS for silver chloride
- Salt Lake Metals.com MSDS for Silver Chloride
- Solubility of Silver Chloride in various solutions - plus Lab Notes
IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. It is developed and kept up to date under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
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CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. They are also referred to as CAS numbers, CAS RNs or CAS #s.
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A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. A chemical formula is also a short way of showing how a chemical reaction occurs.
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Molar mass, symbol M,[1] is the mass of one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound).[2] It is a physical property which is characteristic of each pure substance.
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In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V—how heavy something is compared to its size. A small, heavy object, such as a rock or a lump of lead, is denser than a lighter object of the same size or a larger object of the same weight, such as pieces of
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The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. Although the phrase would suggest a specific temperature and is commonly and incorrectly used as such in most textbooks and literature, most crystalline compounds
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boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid.[1][2][3][4]
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Solubility is a physical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.[1] It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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crystal structure is a unique arrangement of atoms in a crystal. A crystal structure is composed of a motif, a set of atoms arranged in a particular way, and a lattice. Motifs are located upon the points of a lattice, which is an array of points repeating periodically in three
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The standard enthalpy of formation or "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at
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In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure (STP).
The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol So, and the units J mol−1 K
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The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol So, and the units J mol−1 K
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NFPA 704 is a standard maintained by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association. It defines the colloquial "fire diamond" used by emergency personnel to quickly and easily identify the risks posed by nearby hazardous materials.
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ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, making it positively or negatively charged. A negatively charged ion, which has more electrons in its electron shells than it has protons in its nuclei, is known as an anion
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Silver(I) fluoride (AgF), also known as argentous fluoride and silver monofluoride, is a compound of silver and fluorine. It is a ginger-coloured solid, melting point 435 °C[1], which blackens on exposure to moist air.
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Silver bromide (AgBr), a soft, pale-yellow, insoluble salt well known (along with other silver halides) for its unusual sensitivity to light. This property has allowed silver halides to become the basis of modern photographic materials.
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Silver iodide (AgI) is a chemical compound used in photography and as an antiseptic in medicine. Silver iodide is highly insoluble in water and has a crystalline structure similar to that of ice, allowing it to induce freezing (heterogeneous nucleation) in cloud seeding for
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standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). This pressure was changed from 1 atm (101.325 kilopascals) by IUPAC in 1990.[1] The standard state of a material can be defined at any given temperature, most commonly 25 degrees Celsius,
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A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. A chemical formula is also a short way of showing how a chemical reaction occurs.
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Silver (IPA: /ˈsɪlvə(ɹ)/) is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (Latin: argentum) and atomic number 47.
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1, 3, 5, 7
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 3.16 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1251.2 kJmol−1
2nd: 2298 kJmol−1
3rd: 3822 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 3.16 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1251.2 kJmol−1
2nd: 2298 kJmol−1
3rd: 3822 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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CRYSTAL is a quantum chemistry ab initio program, designed primarily for calculations on crystals (3 dimensions), slabs (2 dimensions) and polymers (1 dimension) using translational symmetry, but it can be used for single molecules.[1] It is written by V.R. Saunders, R.
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Solubility is a physical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.[1] It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
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Water is a common chemical substance that is essential to all known forms of life.[1] In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor.
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Chlorargyrite is a silver chloride mineral with the simple formula AgCl. Chlorargyrite occurs as a secondary mineral phase in the oxidation of silver mineral deposits. It crystallizes in the isometric - hexoctahedral crystal class.
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- For sodium in the diet, see salt.
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl.
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An octahedron (plural: octahedra) is a polyhedron with eight faces. A regular octahedron is a Platonic solid composed of eight equilateral triangles, four of which meet at each .
The octahedron's symmetry group is Oh, of order 48.
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The octahedron's symmetry group is Oh, of order 48.
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In chemistry, a ligand is an atom, ion, or molecule (see also: functional group) that generally donates one or more of its electrons through a coordinate covalent bond to, or shares its electrons through a covalent bond with, one or more central atoms or ions (these ligands act as
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Triphenylphosphine (in Europe: triphenylphosphane) is a common organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H5)3 - often abbreviated to PPh3 or Ph3P.
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