Information about Savanna
“Savannah” redirects here. For other uses, see Savannah (disambiguation).
)
Savanna at Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania.
)
Typical subcoastal Eucalyptus/Melaleuca savanna in Northern Australia demonstrating the high tree density and regular spacing characteristic of many savannas.
Although the term savanna is believed to have originally come from an Amerindian word describing "land which is without trees but with much grass either tall or short" (Oviedo y Valdes, 1535), by the late 1800s it was used to mean "land with both grass and trees". It now refers to land with grass and either scattered trees, or an open canopy of trees.
Threats to savannas
Changes in fire management
Savannas are subject to regular fires and the ecosystem appears to be the result of human use of fire. For example Native Americans created subtropical savannas by periodic burning in some areas of the US southeastern coast where fire-resistant Longleaf Pine was the dominant species.[2] Aboriginal burning appears to have been responsible for the widespread occurrence of savanna in tropical Australia and New Guinea[3] and savannas in India are a creation of human fire use.[4] The maquis shrub savannas of the Mediterranean region were likewise created and maintained by anthropogenic fire.[5]These fires are usually confined to the herbaceous layer and do little long term damage to mature trees. However, these fires do serve to either kill or suppress tree seedlings, thus preventing the establishment of a continuous tree canopy which would prevent further grass growth. Prior to European settlement aboriginal land use practices, including fire, influenced vegetation [6] and may have maintained and modified savanna flora [7][8] It has been suggested by many authors [9][10] that aboriginal burning created a structurally more open savanna landscape. Aboriginal burning certainly created a habitat mosaic that probably increased biodiversity and changed the structure of woodlands and geographic range of numerous woodland species[11][12] It has been suggested by many authors [13] [14] that with the removal or alteration of traditional burning regimes many savannas are being replaced by forest and shrub thickets with little herbaceous layer.
The consumption of herbage by introduced grazers in savanna woodlands has led to a reduction in the amount of fuel available for burning and resulted in fewer and cooler fires [15]. The introduction of exotic pasture legumes has also led to a reduction in the need to burn to produce a flush of green growth because legumes retain high nutrient levels throughout the year, and because fires can have a negative impact on legume populations which causes a reluctance to burn [16]
Grazing and browsing animals
The closed forests types such as broadleaf forests and rainforests are usually not grazed owing to the closed structure precluding grass growth, and hence offering little opportunity for grazing.[17] In contrast the open structure of savannas allows the growth of a herbaceous layer and are commonly used for grazing domestic livestock [18] As a result much of the world's savannas have undergone substantial change and degradation as a result of grazing by sheep, goats and cattle, ranging form changes in pasture composition to woody weed encroachment and severe soil erosion [19]The removal of grass by grazing affects the woody plant component of woodland systems in two major ways. Grasses compete with woody plants for water in the topsoil and removal by grazing reduces this competitive effect, potentially boosting tree growth [20] In addition to this effect the removal of fuel reduces both the intensity and the frequency of fires which may control woody plant species [21]. Grazing animals can have a more direct effect on woody plants by the browsing of palatable woody species. There is evidence that unpalatable woody plants have increased under grazing in savannas [22]. Grazing also promotes the spread of weeds in savannas by the removal or reduction of the plants which would normally compete with potential weeds and hinder establishment [23]. In addition to this cattle and horses are implicated in the spread of the seeds of weed species such as Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica) and Stylo (Stylosanthes spp.) [24]These alterations in savanna species composition brought about by grazing can alter ecosystem function, and are exacerbated by overgrazing and poor land management practices.
Introduced grazing animals can also affect soil condition through physical compaction and break-up of the soil caused by the hooves of animals and through the erosion effects caused by the removal of protective plant cover. Such effects are most likely to occur on land subjected to repeated and heavy grazing [25]. The effects of overstocking are often worst on soils of low fertility and in low rainfall areas below 500 mm, as most soil nutrients in these areas tend to be concentrated in the surface so any movement of soil can lead to severe degradation. Alteration in soil structure and nutrient levels affects the establishment, growth and survival of plant species and in turn can lead to a change in woodland structure and composition.
Tree clearing
Large areas of savanna have been cleared of trees, and this clearing is continuing today. For example until recently 480,000 ha of savanna were cleared annually in Australia alone primarily to improve pasture production [26]. Substantial savanna areas have been cleared of woody vegetation and much of the area that remains today is vegetation that has been disturbed by either clearing or thinning at some point in the past.Clearing is carried out by the grazing industry in an attempt to increase the quality and quantity of feed available for stock and to improve the management of livestock. The removal of trees from savanna land removes the competition for water from the grasses present, and can lead to a two to four-fold increase in pasture production, as well as improving the quality of the feed available [27]. Since stock carrying capacity is strongly correlated with herbage yield there can be major financial benefits from the removal of trees [28]. The removal of trees also assists grazing management. For example in sheep grazing regions of dense tree and shrub cover harbours predators, leading to increased stock losses [29] while woody plant cover hinders mustering in both sheep and cattle areas ([30].
A number of techniques have been employed to clear or kill woody plants in savanna. Early pastoralists used felling and ringbarking, the removal of a ring of bark and sapwood, as a means of clearing land [31]). In the 1950’s arboricides suitable for stem injection were developed. War-surplus heavy machinery was made available, and these were used for either pushing timber, or for pulling using a chain and ball strung between two machines. These two new methods of timber control, along with the introduction and widespread adoption of several new pasture grasses and legumes promoted a resurgence in tree clearing. The 1980’s also saw the release of soil-applied arboricides, notably tebuthiuron, that could be utilised without cutting and injecting each individual tree.
In many ways ‘artificial’ clearing, particularly pulling, mimics the effects of fire and, in savannas adapted to regeneration after fire as most Queensland savannas are, there is a similar response to that after fire [32]. Tree clearing in many sevanna communities, although causing a dramatic reduction in basal area and canopy cover, often leaves a high percentage of woody plants alive either as seedlings too small to be affected or as plants capable of re-sprouting from lignotubers and broken stumps. A population of woody plants equal to half or more of the original number often remains following pulling of eucalypt communities, even if all the trees over 5 metres are uprooted completely.
Exotic plant species
A number of exotic plants species have been introduced to the savannas around the world. Amongst the woody plant species are serious environmental weeds such as Prickly Acacia (Acacia nilotica), Rubbervine (Cryptostegia grandiflora), Mesquite (Prosopis spp.), Lantana (Lantana camara and L. montevidensis) and Prickly Pear (Opuntia spp.) A range of herbaceous species have also been introduced to these woodlands, either deliberately or accidentally including Rhodes grass and other Chloris species, Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris), Giant rats tail grass (Sporobolus pyramidalis) parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorous) and stylos (Stylosanthes spp.) and other legumes. These introductions have the potential to significantly alter the structure and composition of savannas worldwide, and have already done so in many areas through a numbers of processes including altering the fire regime, increasing grazing pressure, competing with native vegetation and occupying previously vacant ecological niches. [33][34].Climate change
There exists the possibility that human induced climate change in the form of the greenhouse effect may result in an alteration of the structure and function of savannas. Some authors [35] have suggested that savannas and grasslands may become even more susceptible to woody plant encroachment as a result of greenhouse induced climate change. A recent case described involved a savanna increasing its range at the expense of forest in response to climate variation, and potential exists for similar rapid, dramatic shifts in vegetation distribution as a result of global climate change, particularly at ecotones such as savannas so often represent [36]Savanna ecoregions
Savanna ecoregions are of several different types:)
Equatorial savanna in the East Province of Cameroon
- Tropical and subtropical savannas are classified with tropical and subtropical grasslands and shrublands as the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. The savannas of Africa, including the Serengeti, famous for its wildlife, are typical of this type.
- Temperate savannas are mid-latitude savannas with wetter summers and drier winters. They are classified with temperate savannas and shrublands as the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome.
- Mediterranean savannas are mid-latitude savannas in Mediterranean climate regions, with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers, part of the Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub biome. The oak tree savannas of California, part of the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion, fall into this category.
- Flooded savannas are savannas that are flooded seasonally or year-round. They are classified with flooded savannas as the flooded grasslands and savannas biome, which occurs mostly in the tropics and subtropics.
- Montane savannas are high-altitude savannas, located in a few spots around the world's high mountain regions, part of the montane grasslands and shrublands biome. The highland savannas of the Angolan scarp savanna and woodlands ecoregion are an example.
External links
See also
- Coastal plain
- Coastal prairie
- Field
- Flooded grasslands and savannas
- Flood-meadow
- Grassland
- Meadow
- Pasture
- Plain
- Prairie
- Rangeland
- Steppe
- Water-meadow
- Wet meadow
- Veld
References
1. ^ Werner, P. A., B. H. Walker, et al. (1991). "Introduction. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons." P. A. Werner ed. Blackwell Scientific Publications.
2. ^ [1] URL accessed August 5, 2006.
3. ^ Flannery, T. (1994) "The future eaters" Reed Books Melbourne.
4. ^ Saha, S. 2003. "Patterns in woody species diversity, richness and partitioning of diversity in forest communities of tropical deciduous forest biomes." Ecography 26: 80–86.
5. ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (1997) Vestal Fire: An Environmental History, Told through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97596-2
6. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
7. ^ Werner, P. A., B. H. Walker, et al. (1991). Introduction. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons. P. A. Werner. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
8. ^ Flannery, T. (1994). The future eaters. Frenchs Forest, Australia., Reed New Holland.
9. ^ Lunt, I. D., N. Jones(2006). "Effects of European colonisation on indigenous ecosystems: post-settlement changes in tree stand structures in Eucalyptus–Callitris woodlands in central New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Biogeography, 33(6): 1102-1115.
10. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
11. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
12. ^ Flannery, T. (1994). The future eaters. Frenchs Forest, Australia., Reed New Holland.
13. ^ Lunt, I. D., N. Jones(2006). "Effects of European colonisation on indigenous ecosystems: post-settlement changes in tree stand structures in Eucalyptus–Callitris woodlands in central New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Biogeography, 33(6): 1102-11
14. ^ Archer S, (1994.) "Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: Rates, patterns and proximate causes." pp 13-68 in Vavra, Laycock and Pieper eds. "Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West". Society For Range Management, Denver.
15. ^ Pressland, A. J., J. R. Mills, et al. (1988). Landscape degradation in native pasture. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
16. ^ Dyer, R., A. Craig, et al. (1997). Fire in northern pastoral lands. Fire in the management of northern Australian pastoral lands. T. C. Grice and S. M. Slatter. St. Lucia, Australia, Tropical Grassland Society of Australia.
17. ^ Lodge, G. M. and R. D. B. Whalley (1984). Temperate rangelands. Management of Australia’s Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
18. ^ Mott, J. J., Groves, R.H. (1994). Natural and derived grasslands. Australian Vegetation. R. H. Groves. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
19. ^ Winter, W. H. (1991). Australia's northern savannas: a time for change ion management philosophy. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons. P. A. Werner. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
20. ^ Burrows, W. H., J. C. Scanlan, et al. (1988). Plant ecological relations in open forests, woodlands and shrublands. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford eds. Brisbane, Department of Primary Industries.
21. ^ Smith, G., A. Franks, et al. (2000). Impacts of domestic grazing within remnant vegetation. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet al. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
22. ^ Florence, R. G. (1996). Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing.
23. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet al. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
24. ^ Pressland, A. J., J. R. Mills, et al. (1988). Landscape degradation in native pasture. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford eds. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
25. ^ Foran, B. D. (1984). Central arid woodlands. Management of Australia’s Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
26. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
27. ^ Scanlan, J. and C. Chilcott (2000). Management and production aspects. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet al. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
28. ^ Harrington, G. N., M. H. Friedel, et al. (1984). Vegetation ecology and management. Management of Australia's Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
29. ^ Harrington, G. N., D. M. D. Mills, et al. (1984). Semi-arid woodlands. Management of Australia's Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
30. ^ Harrington, G. N., A. D. Wilson, et al. (1984). Management of Rangeland Ecosystems. Management of Australia's Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
31. ^ Partridge, I. (1999). Managing grazing in northern Australia. Brisbane, Department of Primary Industries.
32. ^ Scanlan, J. C. (1988). Managing tree and shrub populations. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
33. ^ Scanlan, J. C. (1988). Managing tree and shrub populations. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
34. ^ Tothill, J. C. and C. Gillies (1992). The pasture lands of northern Australia. Brisbane, Tropical Grassland Society of Australia.
35. ^ Archer, S. (1991). Development and stability of grass/woody mosaics in a subtropical savanna parkland, Texas, USA. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons. P. A. Werner. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
36. ^ llen, C. D. and D. D. Breshears (1998). "Drought-induced shift of a forest–woodland ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation." Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences 95: 14839–14842.
2. ^ [1] URL accessed August 5, 2006.
3. ^ Flannery, T. (1994) "The future eaters" Reed Books Melbourne.
4. ^ Saha, S. 2003. "Patterns in woody species diversity, richness and partitioning of diversity in forest communities of tropical deciduous forest biomes." Ecography 26: 80–86.
5. ^ Pyne, Stephen J. (1997) Vestal Fire: An Environmental History, Told through Fire, of Europe and Europe's Encounter with the World. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97596-2
6. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
7. ^ Werner, P. A., B. H. Walker, et al. (1991). Introduction. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons. P. A. Werner. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
8. ^ Flannery, T. (1994). The future eaters. Frenchs Forest, Australia., Reed New Holland.
9. ^ Lunt, I. D., N. Jones(2006). "Effects of European colonisation on indigenous ecosystems: post-settlement changes in tree stand structures in Eucalyptus–Callitris woodlands in central New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Biogeography, 33(6): 1102-1115.
10. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
11. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
12. ^ Flannery, T. (1994). The future eaters. Frenchs Forest, Australia., Reed New Holland.
13. ^ Lunt, I. D., N. Jones(2006). "Effects of European colonisation on indigenous ecosystems: post-settlement changes in tree stand structures in Eucalyptus–Callitris woodlands in central New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Biogeography, 33(6): 1102-11
14. ^ Archer S, (1994.) "Woody plant encroachment into southwestern grasslands and savannas: Rates, patterns and proximate causes." pp 13-68 in Vavra, Laycock and Pieper eds. "Ecological Implications of Livestock Herbivory in the West". Society For Range Management, Denver.
15. ^ Pressland, A. J., J. R. Mills, et al. (1988). Landscape degradation in native pasture. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
16. ^ Dyer, R., A. Craig, et al. (1997). Fire in northern pastoral lands. Fire in the management of northern Australian pastoral lands. T. C. Grice and S. M. Slatter. St. Lucia, Australia, Tropical Grassland Society of Australia.
17. ^ Lodge, G. M. and R. D. B. Whalley (1984). Temperate rangelands. Management of Australia’s Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
18. ^ Mott, J. J., Groves, R.H. (1994). Natural and derived grasslands. Australian Vegetation. R. H. Groves. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
19. ^ Winter, W. H. (1991). Australia's northern savannas: a time for change ion management philosophy. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons. P. A. Werner. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
20. ^ Burrows, W. H., J. C. Scanlan, et al. (1988). Plant ecological relations in open forests, woodlands and shrublands. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford eds. Brisbane, Department of Primary Industries.
21. ^ Smith, G., A. Franks, et al. (2000). Impacts of domestic grazing within remnant vegetation. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet al. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
22. ^ Florence, R. G. (1996). Ecology and silviculture of eucalypt forests. Collingwood, CSIRO Publishing.
23. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet al. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
24. ^ Pressland, A. J., J. R. Mills, et al. (1988). Landscape degradation in native pasture. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford eds. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
25. ^ Foran, B. D. (1984). Central arid woodlands. Management of Australia’s Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
26. ^ Wilson, B., S. Boulter, et al. (2000). Queensland's resources. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet eds. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
27. ^ Scanlan, J. and C. Chilcott (2000). Management and production aspects. Native Vegetation Management in Queensland. S. L. Boulter, B. A. Wilson, J. Westrupet al. Brisbane, Department of Natural Resources.
28. ^ Harrington, G. N., M. H. Friedel, et al. (1984). Vegetation ecology and management. Management of Australia's Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
29. ^ Harrington, G. N., D. M. D. Mills, et al. (1984). Semi-arid woodlands. Management of Australia's Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
30. ^ Harrington, G. N., A. D. Wilson, et al. (1984). Management of Rangeland Ecosystems. Management of Australia's Rangelands. G. N. Harrington and A. D. Wilson. Melbourne, CSIRO Publishing.
31. ^ Partridge, I. (1999). Managing grazing in northern Australia. Brisbane, Department of Primary Industries.
32. ^ Scanlan, J. C. (1988). Managing tree and shrub populations. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
33. ^ Scanlan, J. C. (1988). Managing tree and shrub populations. Native pastures in Queensland their resources and management. W. H. Burrows, J. C. Scanlan and M. T. Rutherford. Queensland, Queensland Government Press.
34. ^ Tothill, J. C. and C. Gillies (1992). The pasture lands of northern Australia. Brisbane, Tropical Grassland Society of Australia.
35. ^ Archer, S. (1991). Development and stability of grass/woody mosaics in a subtropical savanna parkland, Texas, USA. Savanna Ecology and Management Australian Perspectives and International Comparisons. P. A. Werner. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
36. ^ llen, C. D. and D. D. Breshears (1998). "Drought-induced shift of a forest–woodland ecotone: Rapid landscape response to climate variation." Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences 95: 14839–14842.
Savannah or savanna is a type of grassland.
Places in the United States named Savannah include:
..... Click the link for more information.
Places in the United States named Savannah include:
- Savannah, Georgia, a city known for its historic district
..... Click the link for more information.
woodland is a area covered in trees, differentiated from a forest. In these terms, a forest has a largely closed canopy – the branches and foliage of trees interlock overhead to provide extensive and nearly continuous shade.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms in an area functioning together with all the non-living physical factors of the environment.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A biome is a major geographical area of ecologically similar communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, often referred to as ecosystems. Biomes are defined based on factors such as plant structures (such as trees, shrubs, and grasses), leaf types (such as broadleaf and
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
FOREST (an acronym for "Freedom Organisation for the Right to Enjoy Smoking Tobacco") is a United Kingdom political pressure group that campaigns for the right of people to smoke tobacco and opposes attempts to ban or reduce tobacco consumption.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
desert is a landscape form or region that receives very little precipitation. Deserts are defined as areas that receive an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (10 in). In the Köppen climate classification system, deserts are classed as (BW).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
hi Amerindian is an ambiguous term given to people descended primarily from the native inhabitants of the Americas prior to the European colonization (following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1492).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (August 1478 - 1557) was a Spanish historian.
He was born in Madrid of a Noble Asturian lineage and educated in the court of Ferdinand and Isabella.
..... Click the link for more information.
He was born in Madrid of a Noble Asturian lineage and educated in the court of Ferdinand and Isabella.
..... Click the link for more information.
The canopy is the uppermost level of a forest, formed by the tree crowns. Canopy trees refers to the trees in a forest which form the canopy. The uneven layers of the canopy is formed by both dominant and co-dominant trees.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
American Indian and Alaska Native
One race: 2.5 million[1]
In combination with one or more other races: 1.6 million[2]
Regions with significant populations United States
..... Click the link for more information.
One race: 2.5 million[1]
In combination with one or more other races: 1.6 million[2]
Regions with significant populations United States
..... Click the link for more information.
P. palustris
Binomial name
Pinus palustris
Mill.
The Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris
..... Click the link for more information.
Binomial name
Pinus palustris
Mill.
The Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris
..... Click the link for more information.
Maquis (French) or macchia (Italian; plural macchie) is a shrubland biome in Mediterranean countries, typically consisting of densely-growing evergreen shrubs such as sage, juniper and myrtle.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A hectare (symbol ha, pronounced /ˌhɛkˈtɛə(ɹ)/) is a unit of area equal to 10,000 square metres, or one square hectometre, and commonly used for measuring land area.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An ecoregion (ecological region), sometimes called a bioregion, is the next smallest ecologically and geographically defined area beneath "realm" or "ecozone". Ecoregions cover relatively large area of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands are a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes. Grasslands are dominated by grass and other herbaceous plants. Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Serengeti is a 60,000 square kilometer savanna which lies over Tanzania.[1] The biannual migration that occurs there is considered one of the seven tourist travel wonders of the world. The region contains several national parks and game reserves.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands is a biome in which the climate is temperate and semi-arid to semi-humid.
..... Click the link for more information.
- temperature: warm to hot season (often with a cold to freezing season in winter)
- soil: fertile with rich nutrients and minerals
- plants: grass
..... Click the link for more information.
Mediterranean climate is a climate that resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin. Outside the Mediterranean, this climate covers relatively small areas of the Earth, and generally occurs on the western coasts of continental landmasses, roughly between
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub is a temperate biome, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild and rainy winters. Nearly all of the rainfall occurs in the winter and spring rainy season.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Oak Tree usually refers to any of several hundred species of trees and shrubs; however, there is also a village by the name:
..... Click the link for more information.
- Oak, the tree
- Oak Tree, a village in County Durham, in England
- "Oak Tree", a song by Morris Day.
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
The California chaparral and woodlands is a terrestrial ecoregion of central and southern California (United States) and northwestern Baja California (Mexico), located on the west coast of North America.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Flooded grasslands and savannas are a biome, generally located at subtropical and tropical latitudes, where which are flooded seasonally or year-round.
It is characterized by
..... Click the link for more information.
It is characterized by
- water : very wet
- temperature : warm
- soils : nutrient rich soil
..... Click the link for more information.
Montane grasslands and shrublands is a biome defined by the World Wildlife Fund. The biome includes high altitude (montane, subalpine, and alpine) grasslands and shrublands around the world.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A coastal plain is an area of flat, low-lying land adjacent to a seacoast and separated from the interior by other features. One of the world's longest coastal plains is located in western South America.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Coastal prairie may refer to either:
..... Click the link for more information.
- The California coastal prairie, a plant community found along the coasts of California and Oregon
- The Western Gulf coastal grasslands of Louisiana, Texas, and Tamaulipas
..... Click the link for more information.
field refers generally to an area of land enclosed or otherwise and used for agricultural purposes such as:
..... Click the link for more information.
- Cultivating crops
- Usage as a paddock or generally an enclosure of livestock
- Land left to lie fallow or as arable land
Language
..... Click the link for more information.
Flooded grasslands and savannas are a biome, generally located at subtropical and tropical latitudes, where which are flooded seasonally or year-round.
It is characterized by
..... Click the link for more information.
It is characterized by
- water : very wet
- temperature : warm
- soils : nutrient rich soil
..... Click the link for more information.
flood-meadow (or floodmeadow) is an area of grassland or pasture beside a river, subject to seasonal flooding. Flood-meadows are distinct from water-meadows in that the latter are artificially created and maintained, with flooding controlled on a seasonal and even daily
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Grasslands are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae) and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants (forbs). Grasslands occur naturally on all continents except Antarctica, and in many other areas they have replaced the natural vegetation due to human influence.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
