Information about Salivary Gland
) | |
| Salivary glands: #1 is Parotid gland, #2 is Submandibular gland, #3 is Sublingual gland | |
| Latin | glandulae salivariae |
| MeSH | Salivary+Glands |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | g_06/12391916 |
Function
Saliva keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist.Saliva also helps break down carbohydrates (with salivary amylase, formerly known as ptyalin) and lubricates the passage of food down from the oropharynx to the stomach.
Saliva also has elements that help to neutralise the acid responsible for tooth decay; this is called a buffer.
The antibacterial properties within saliva help to sustain a neutral balance and prevent the development of germs.
Summary
A summary is provided in the following table.| Salivary gland | Location | Secretion | Cranial nerve | Parasympathetic ganglion | Contribution to salivary volume |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parotid gland | near the ear | Serous | CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) | Otic | 25% |
| Sublingual gland | underneath the tongue | Mixed, mostly mucous | CN VII (facial nerve) | Submandibular | 5% |
| Submandibular gland | ramus of the mandible | Mixed, mostly serous | CN VII (facial nerve) | Submandibular | 70% |
| Ebner's glands | surrounding circumvallate papillae | Serous | - | - | - |
| minor glands | tongue, cheeks, lips, and palate | Mucous | - | - | - |
Salivary glands are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system.
Histology
The glands are enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue and internally divided into lobules. Blood vessels and nerves enter the glands at the hilum and gradually branch out into the lobules.Cells
There are 3 main types of cells that are found in the major salivary glands:- Serous cells, which are pyramidal in shape and are joined to usually form a spherical mass of cells called acinus, with a small lumen in the centre. Serous demilunes are found in the submandibular gland.
- Mucous cells are usually cuboid in shape and organised as tubules, consisting of cylindrical arrays of secretory cells surrounding a lumen. These cells produce glycoproteins that are used for the moistening and lubricating functions of saliva.
- Myoepithelial cells surround each secretory portion and are able to contract to accelerate secretion of the saliva.
Ducts
In the duct system, the lumens formed by the secretory cells empty into intercalated ducts, which in turn join to form striated ducts. These drain into ducts situated between the lobes of the gland (called interlobar ducts or excretory ducts).The main duct of the salivary glands ultimately empties into the mouth.
Innervation
Salivary glands are innervated, either directly or indirectly, by the parasympathetic and sympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system.- Parasympathetic innervation to the salivary glands is carried via cranial nerves. The parotid gland receives its parasympathetic input from the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via the otic ganglion, while the submandibular and sublingual glands receive their parasympathetic input from the facial nerve (CN VII) via the submandibular ganglion.
- Direct sympathetic innervation of the salivary glands takes place via preganglionic nerves in the thoracic segments T1-T3 which synapse in the superior cervical ganglion with postganglionic neurons that release norepinephrine, which is then received by ß-adrenergic receptors on the acinar and ductal cells of the salivary glands, leading to an increase in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and the corresponding increase of saliva secretion. Note that in this regard both parasympathetic and sympathetic stimuli result in an increase in salivary gland secretions. Costanzo, L. (2006). Physiology, 3rd ed.. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 10:1-4160-2320-8. The sympathetic nervous system also affects salivary gland secretions indirectly by innervating the blood vessels that supply the glands.it is used to
Role in disease
- See mumps (parotiditis epidemica), Sjögren's syndrome and Mucocele.
Salivary duct calculus may cause blockage of the ducts, causing pain and swelling of the gland.
Tumors of the salivary glands may occur. These are usually benign, but may be malignant. The most common type of benign tumor is pleomorphic adenoma, followed by Warthin's tumor. The most common malignant tumor is mucoepidermoid carcinoma.
Diagnostic investigation
A sialogram is a radiocontrast study of a salivary duct.Additional images
Digestive system |
References
1. ^ Douglas F. Paulsen (2000). Histology & cell biology: examination and board review. New York: Lange Medical Books, McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-8385-0593-7.
External links
- Salivary Gland Disorders at intelihealth.com
- Illustration at merck.com
- Illustration at .washington.edu
- Photo at mgccc.cc.ms.us
- plastic/371 at eMedicine - "Parotid Tumors, Benign"
General anatomy of head and neck - head | |
|---|---|
| Face/Occiput | Forehead • Eye • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin |
| External nose | Nostril • Nasal septum • Cartilages (Accessory nasal, of the septum, Greater alar, Lateral nasal, Lesser alar, Vomeronasal) • Olfactory glands |
| Nasal cavity | Choana • Turbinate • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Hiatus semilunaris • Ostium maxillare • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinus |
| Mouth/oral cavity | Lip • Philtrum • Jaw • Pterygomandibular raphe |
| Teeth | Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar) • Deciduous |
| Tongue | Plica fimbriata • Median sulcus • Foramen cecum • Terminal sulcus • Frenulum linguae • Anterior tongue • Posterior tongue |
| Palate/roof of mouth | Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla • Uvula • Pharyngeal recess • Arches: (Palatoglossal • Palatopharyngeal) |
| Salivary glands | (Parotid • Sublingual • Submandibular) • Ducts: Submandibular • Parotid |
| fascia | Masseteric fascia • Temporal fascia • Galea aponeurotica • Scalp |
The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva. In other taxa such as insects, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins such as silk or glues.
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For the toad wart, see parotoid gland.
The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing.
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The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing.
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The paired submandibular glands (or submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume.
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The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth.
They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts.
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They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts.
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Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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Mammalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
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Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
- Subclass †Allotheria*
- Subclass Prototheria
- Subclass Theria
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Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products (enzymes) into ducts (duct glands). They are the counterparts to endocrine glands, which secrete their products (hormones) directly into the bloodstream (ductless glands).
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For the band, see .
Saliva is the watery and usually frothy substance produced in the mouths of humans and some animals. In animals, saliva is produced in and secreted from the salivary glands...... Click the link for more information.
Insecta
Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
Subclass Apterygota
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Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
Subclass Apterygota
- * Archaeognatha (bristletails)
- * Thysanura (silverfish)
- * Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic)
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Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture).
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polytene chromosome. Polytene chromosomes form when multiple rounds of replication produce chromatids that remain synapsed together in a haploid number of chromosomes. They have characteristic light and dark banding patterns which can be used to identify chromosomal rearragements
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Diptera
Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
Nematocera (includes Eudiptera)
Brachycera
True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron
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Linnaeus, 1758
Suborders
Nematocera (includes Eudiptera)
Brachycera
True flies are insects of the Order Diptera (Greek: di = two, and pteron
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The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, (intestines), rectum, and anus.
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Amylase is the name given to glycoside hydrolase enzymes that break down starch into glucose molecules. Amylase is also known as Ptyalin. Although the amylases are designated by different Greek letters, they all act on α-1,4-glycosidic bonds.
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The Oropharynx (oral part of the pharynx) reaches from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.
It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil.
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It opens anteriorly, through the isthmus faucium, into the mouth, while in its lateral wall, between the two palatine arches, is the palatine tonsil.
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In anatomy, the stomach is a bean-shaped hollow muscular organ of the gastrointestinal tract involved in the second phase of digestion, following mastication. The word stomach is derived from the Latin stomachus, which derives from the Greek word
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Buffer solutions are solutions that resist change in Hydronium ion and the hydroxide ion concentration (and consequently pH) upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution.
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Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Although thirteen cranial nerves in humans fit this description, twelve are conventionally recognized.
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Parasympathetic ganglia are the autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system. Most are small terminal ganglia or intramural ganglia, so named because they lie near or within (respectively) the organs they innervate.
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For the toad wart, see parotoid gland.
The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing.
..... Click the link for more information.
The parotid gland is the largest of the salivary glands. It is found wrapped around the mandibular ramus, and it secretes saliva through Stensen's duct into the oral cavity, to facilitate mastication and swallowing.
..... Click the link for more information.
outer ear is the most external portion of the ear. The outer ear includes the pinnae (also called auricle), the ear canal, and the very most superficial layer of the ear drum (also called the tympanic membrane).
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The glossopharyngeal nerve is the ninth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves. It exits the brainstem out from the sides of the upper medulla, just rostral (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve.
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The otic ganglion is a small, ovalshaped, flattened parasympathetic ganglion of a reddish-gray color, located immediately below the foramen ovale.
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Location and relations
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The sublingual glands are salivary glands in the mouth.
They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts.
..... Click the link for more information.
They lie anterior to the submandibular gland under the tongue, beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth.
They are drained by 8-20 excretory ducts.
..... Click the link for more information.
The facial nerve is the seventh (VII) of twelve paired cranial nerves. It emerges from the brainstem between the pons and the medulla, and controls the muscles of facial expression, and taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
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The submandibular ganglion (or submaxillary ganglion in older texts) is part of the human autonomic nervous system. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck. (The others are the otic ganglion, pterygopalatine ganglion, and ciliary ganglion).
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The paired submandibular glands (or submaxillary glands) are salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. In humans, they account for 70% of the salivary volume.
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