Information about Sacral Nerves

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Official language of: Vatican City
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Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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The sacrum is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity, where it is inserted like a wedge between the two hip bones.
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Lateral to the articular processes of the sacrum are the four posterior sacral foramina (or dorsal sacral foramina); they are smaller in size and less regular in form than the anterior, and transmit the posterior divisions of the sacral nerves.
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The posterior divisions of the sacral nerves are small, and diminish in size from above downward; they emerge, except the last, through the posterior sacral foramina.
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The medial clunial nerves innervate the skin of the buttocks closest to the midline of the body. They arise from the posterior rami of sacral spinal nerves (S1, 2, 3).

Additional images

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At the ends of the transverse ridges of the pelvic surface of the sacrum are seen the anterior sacral foramina (or pelvic sacral foramina), four in number on either side, somewhat rounded in form, diminishing in size from above downward, and directed lateralward and forward.
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In human anatomy, the sacral plexus is a nerve plexus emerging from the sacral vertebrae (S1-S4), and which provides nerves for the pelvis and lower limbs.

Composition

The sacral plexus is formed by::

• the lumbosacral trunk

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The coccygeal plexus is a plexus of nerves near the coccyx bone.

Structure

This plexus is formed by the fifth sacral nerve (with a contribution from S4) and the coccygeal nerve. It gives rise to the anococcygeal nerve.
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The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord. The spinal nerve is the bit that passes out of the vertebrae through the intervertebral foramen.
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Memorial University of Newfoundland, (popularly known as Memorial University or "MUN") is a comprehensive university located primarily in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
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Henry Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body (or Gray's Anatomy as it has commonly been shortened) is an English-language human anatomy textbook widely regarded as a classic work on the subject.
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The term spinal nerve generally refers to the mixed spinal nerve, which is formed from the dorsal and ventral roots that come out of the spinal cord. The spinal nerve is the bit that passes out of the vertebrae through the intervertebral foramen.
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In anatomy and neurology, the ventral root (or anterior root) is the efferent motor root of a spinal nerve.

At its distal end, the ventral root joins with the dorsal root to form a mixed spinal nerve.
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In anatomy and neurology, the dorsal root (or posterior root) is the afferent sensory root of a spinal nerve.

At the distal end of the dorsal root is the dorsal root ganglion, which contains the neuron cell bodies of the nerve fibres conveyed by the root.
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In anatomy and neurology, the dorsal root ganglion (or spinal ganglion) is a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves.

The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents.
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The cauda equina is a structure within the lower end of the spinal column of most vertebrates, that consists of nerve roots and rootlets from above. Cauda equina is sometimes considered as an extension of the pia mater of the spinal cord.
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Each spinal nerve receives a branch, gray ramus communicans, from the adjacent ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.

They contain unmyelinated postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
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The thoracic, and the first and second lumbar nerves each contribute a branch, white ramus communicans to the adjoining sympathetic ganglion.

They contain myelinated preganglionic sympathetic fibers (GVE and GVA).
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The first spinal nerve, the suboccipital nerve exits the spinal cord between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, the atlas.

It supplies muscles around the suboccipital triangle including the rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, and obliquus
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The cervical nerves are the spinal nerves from the cervical vertebrae.

Although there are seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), there are eight cervical nerves (C1-C8).
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The greater occipital nerve is a spinal nerve arising from the dorsal primary rami of cervical spinal nerve 2, between the first and second cervical vertebrae, along with the lesser occipital nerve.
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third occipital nerve, which pierces the Trapezius and ends in the skin of the lower part of the back of the head.

It lies medial to the greater occipital and communicates with it.
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The thoracic nerves are the spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae.

Anterior divisions

• The intercostal nerves come from thoracic nerves T1-T11, and run between the ribs ("costae"). At T2 and T3, it further branches into the intercostobrachial nerve.

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The lumbar nerves are the five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae. They are divided into posterior and anterior divisions.

Posterior divisions

The medial branches of the posterior divisions of the lumbar nerves run close to the articular processes of the
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The coccygeal nerve is the spinal nerve that corresponds to the coccyx bone.

Structure

The coccygeal nerve is the 31st spinal nerve. It arises from the sacral plexus, and its ventral ramus helps form the coccygeal plexus.
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The cervical plexus is a plexus of the ventral rami of the first four cervical spinal nerves which are located from C1 to C4 cervical segment in the neck. They are located laterally to the transverse processes between prevertebral muscles from the medial side and vertebral (m.
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The brachial plexus is an arrangement of nerve fibres, running from the spine, specifically from above the fifth cervical vertebra to underneath the first thoracic vertebra (C5-T1). It proceeds through the neck, the axilla (armpit region) and into the arm.
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