Information about Renin
| Renin | |
|---|---|
) Molecular structure of renin | |
| Symbol(s): | REN |
| Other names: | Angiotensinogenase |
| Genetic data | |
| Locus: | Chr. 1 q32 |
| Protein Structure/Function | |
| Protein length: | 406 (Amino Acids) |
| Molecular Weight: | 45060 (Da) |
| Functions: | Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
| Motifs: | SP motif |
| Alternative Products: | 2 known isoforms produced from alternative splicing |
| Other | |
| Taxa expressing: | Homo sapiens; homologs many metazoan taxa |
| Subcellular localization: | Extracellular |
| Biophysicochemical properties: | KM=1 µmol/L for angiotensinogen |
| Database Links | |
| EC number: | 3.4.23.15 |
| Entrez: | 5972 |
| OMIM: | 179820 |
| RefSeq: | NM_000537 |
| UniProt: | P00797 |
Renin (pronounced "Ree-nin" or "Rē-nin" (IPA: /ˈriːnɨn/)), also known as angiotensinogenase, is a circulating enzyme released mainly by juxtaglomerular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys in response to low blood volume or decreased serum NaCl concentration, mediated through the rapid release of prostaglandins. Although it has hormone-like actions, it cleaves a protein precursor in the circulation rather than working on a cellular target. Thus it is not truly a hormone. [1] Sympathetic activation of membrane β1- and α1-adrenergic receptors on JGA cells also cause renin release, probably by altering tubular sodium content or macula densa function. [2] The normal concentration in adult human plasma is 1.98-24.6 ng/L in the upright position. [3]
Structure
The primary structure of renin precursor consists of 406 amino acids with a pre and a pro segment carrying 20 and 46 amino acids respectively. Mature renin contains 340 amino acids and has a mass of 37 kD. [4]Function
Renin activates the renin-angiotensin system by cleaving angiotensinogen, produced by the liver, to yield angiotensin I, which is further converted into angiotensin II by ACE, the angiotensin-converting enzyme primarily within the capillaries of the lungs. Angiotensin II then constricts blood vessels, increases the secretion of ADH and aldosterone, and stimulates the hypothalamus to activate the thirst reflex, leading to increased blood pressure.Renin is secreted from juxtaglomerular cells (the afferent arterioles, Brad Medling), which are activated via signalling (the release of prostaglandins) from the macula densa, which respond to the rate of fluid flow through the distal tubule, by decreases in renal perfusion pressure (through stretch receptors in the vascular wall), and by nervous stimulation, mainly through beta-1 receptor activation. A drop in the rate of flow past the macula densa implies a drop in renal filtration pressure. Renin's primary function is therefore to eventually cause an increase in blood pressure, leading to restoration of perfusion pressure in the kidneys.
Renin can bind to ATP6AP2, which results in a four-fold increase in the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I over that shown by soluble renin. In addition, renin binding results in phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of ATP6AP2.[5]
Gene
The gene for renin, REN, spans 12 kb of DNA and contains 8 introns.[6] It produces several mRNA that encode different REN isoforms.Secretion
Human Renin is secreted by at least 2 cellular pathways: a constitutive pathway for the secretion of prorenin and a regulated pathway for the secretion of mature renin [7].Clinical implications
An over-active renin-angiotension system leads to vasoconstriction and retention of sodium and water. These effects lead to hypertension. Therefore, renin inhibitors can be used for the treatment of hypertension.Tekturna (aliskiren), formerly known as Rasilez, is a first-in-class oral renin inhibitor. Tekturna was developed by Novartis in conjunction with the biotech company Speedel, and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2007. Tekturna, an octanamide, is the first known representative of a new class of completely non-peptide, low-molecular weight, orally active transition-state renin inhibitors. Designed through the use of molecular modeling techniques, it is a potent and specific in vitro inhibitor of human renin (IC50 in the low nanomolar range), with a plasma half-life of ≈24 hours. Tekturna has good water solubility and low lipophilicity and is resistant to biodegradation by peptidases in the intestine, blood circulation, and the liver. Tekturna was approved by the United States FDA on 6 March 2007.
See also
References
1. ^ Fujino T, Nakagawa N, Yuhki K, Hara A, Yamada T, Takayama K, Kuriyama S, Hosoki Y, Takahata O, Taniguchi T, Fukuzawa J, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K, Narumiya S and Ushikubi F. (2004) Decreased susceptibility to renovascular hypertension in mice lacking the prostaglandin I2 receptor IP. J. Clin. Invest. 114:805-812. Full Text
2. ^ Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed., Saunders, 2004. pp.2118-2119.Full Text with MDConsult subscription
3. ^ Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program - Laboratory Reference Centre Manual. Renin Direct
4. ^ Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human renin precursor. ; PubMed Free text
5. ^ Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. 2002 Jun; PubMed Free text
6. ^ Human renin gene: structure and sequence analysis. 1984 Aug; PubMed Free text
7. ^ Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene. 1988 Mar 5; PubMed Free text (PDF - 1.3MB)
2. ^ Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed., Saunders, 2004. pp.2118-2119.Full Text with MDConsult subscription
3. ^ Hamilton Regional Laboratory Medicine Program - Laboratory Reference Centre Manual. Renin Direct
4. ^ Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human renin precursor. ; PubMed Free text
5. ^ Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin. 2002 Jun; PubMed Free text
6. ^ Human renin gene: structure and sequence analysis. 1984 Aug; PubMed Free text
7. ^ Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene. 1988 Mar 5; PubMed Free text (PDF - 1.3MB)
External links
Cardiovascular system |
|---|
| Blood | Heart → Aorta → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Vena cava → Heart → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary vein |
Proteases: aspartic acid proteases (EC 3.4.23) | |
|---|---|
| Vertebrate | Pepsin - Chymosin - Renin - Signal peptide peptidase - Beta secretase |
| Pathogenic | Plasmepsin - HIV-1 protease |
Identifiers
Symbol CYMP
Entrez 1542
HUGO 2588
OMIM 118943
Other data
EC number 3.4.23.4
Locus Chr. 1
Chymosin (or rennin) is an aspartic acid protease enzyme found in rennet.
..... Click the link for more information.
Symbol CYMP
Entrez 1542
HUGO 2588
OMIM 118943
Other data
EC number 3.4.23.4
Locus Chr. 1
Chymosin (or rennin) is an aspartic acid protease enzyme found in rennet.
..... Click the link for more information.
Rennet (IPA pronunciation: [ˈɹɛnɪt]) is a natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".
Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
..... Click the link for more information.
Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.[1][2] Knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics has been implicitly used since prehistoric times for improving crop plants and animals through selective breeding.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
amino acid is a molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The unified atomic mass unit (u), or dalton (Da), is a small unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular masses. It is defined to be one twelfth of the mass of an unbound atom of the carbon-12 nuclide, at rest and in its ground state.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Angiotensin is an oligopeptide in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. It is a powerful dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Angiotensin is an oligopeptide in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. It is a powerful dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
structural motif is a three-dimensional structural element or fold within the chain, which appears also in a variety of other molecules. In the context of proteins, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with "structural domain," although a domain need not be a motif
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
For the journal, see .
A taxon (plural taxa), or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or group of organisms. A taxon is assigned a rank and can be placed at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled until (UTC) due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or
..... Click the link for more information.
For the journal, see .
A taxon (plural taxa), or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or group of organisms. A taxon is assigned a rank and can be placed at a particular level in a systematic hierarchy reflecting evolutionary..... Click the link for more information.
In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means "outside the cell". This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Angiotensin is an oligopeptide in the blood that causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. It is a powerful dipsogen. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the respective enzyme.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This chart shows concisely the most common way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is applied to represent the English language.
See International Phonetic Alphabet for English for a more complete version and Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic
..... Click the link for more information.
See International Phonetic Alphabet for English for a more complete version and Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic
..... Click the link for more information.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions.[1] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In the kidney, the juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, also known as granular cells) are cells that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
juxtaglomerular apparatus is a microscopic structure in the kidney, which regulates the function of each nephron. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is named for its proximity to the glomerulus: it is found between the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle and the returning distal
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases of the kidney is called nephrology[1].
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
MeSH D007022
In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. This is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it.
..... Click the link for more information.
In physiology and medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low blood pressure. This is best understood as a physiologic state, rather than a disease. It is often associated with shock, though not necessarily indicative of it.
..... Click the link for more information.
- For sodium in the diet, see salt.
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl.
..... Click the link for more information.
prostaglandin is any member of a group of lipid compounds that are derived enzymatically from fatty acids and have important functions in the animal body. Every prostaglandin contains 20 carbon atoms, including a 5-carbon ring.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In the kidney, the macula densa is an area of closely packed specialized cells lining the region of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) lying next to the glomerular vascular pole.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
