Raspberry

Information about Raspberry

Cultivated raspberries

The raspberry (plural, raspberries) is the edible fruit of a number of species of the genus Rubus. The name originally refers in particular to the European species Rubus idaeus, and is still used for that species as its standard English name in its native area.^[1] Other species, mostly closely related in the same subgenus Idaeobatus, also called raspberries subsequently include:

Rubus strigosus (American Raspberry) (syn. R. idaeus var. strigosus)
Rubus arcticus (Arctic Raspberry)
Rubus crataegifolius (Korean Raspberry)
Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry)
Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry)
Rubus phoenicolasius (Wine Raspberry)
Rubus leucodermis (Whitebark or Western Raspberry)

Raspberries are an important commercial fruit crop, widely grown in all temperate regions of the world. Many of the most important modern commercial raspberry cultivars derive from hybrids between R. idaeus and R. strigosus.^[2]

Cultivation

Raspberry in flower in a garden

Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or as dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products. Traditionally, raspberries were a mid-summer crop, but with new technology, cultivars and transportation, they can now be obtained year-round. Raspberries need ample sun and water for optimal development. While moisture is essential, wet and heavy soils or excess irrigation can bring on Phytophthora root rot which is one of the most serious pest problems facing red raspberry. As a cultivated plant in moist temperate regions, it is easy to grow and has a tendency to spread unless pruned. Escaped raspberries frequently appear as garden weeds, spread by seeds found in bird droppings.

Two types are commercially available, the wild-type summer bearing, that produces an abundance of fruit on second-year canes (floricanes) within a relatively short period in mid-summer, and double- or "ever"-bearing plants, which also bear some fruit on first-year canes (primocanes) in the late summer and fall, as well as the summer crop on second-year canes. Raspberries can be cultivated from hardiness zones 3 to 9.

Raspberries are traditionally planted in the winter as dormant canes, although planting of tender, plug plants from tissue culture produced plants has become much more common. A specialized production system called "long cane production" involves growing canes for 1 year in a northern climate such as Scotland (UK) or Washington State (US) where the chilling requirement for proper budbreak is met early. These canes are then dug, roots and all, to be replanted in warmer climates such as Spain where they quickly flower and produce a very early season crop. Plants should be spaced 1 m apart in fertile, well drained soil; raspberries are usually planted in raised beds/ridges if there is any question about root rot problems.

The flowers can be a major nectar source for honeybees.

Raspberries are very vigorous and can be invasive. They propagate using basal shoots (also known as suckers); extended underground shoots that develop roots and individual plants. They can sucker new canes some distance from the main plant. For this reason, raspberries spread well, and can take over gardens if left unchecked.

The fruit is harvested when it has turned a deep red and comes off the torus/receptacle easily. This is when the fruits are most ripe and sweetest. Excess fruit can be made into raspberry jam or frozen.

The leaves can be used fresh or dried in herbal and medicinal teas. They have an astringent flavour, and in herbal medicine are reputed to be effective in regulating menses.

Cultivars

Numerous cultivars have been selected. Recent breeding has resulted in cultivars that are thornless and more strongly upright, not needing staking. Raspberries have also been crossed with other species in other subgenera of the genus Rubus, resulting in a number of hybrids, such as boysenberry and loganberry. Cultivars with yellow fruit are sometimes termed "gold raspberry".

Selected important cultivars

Reference:^[2]

Red, early summer fruiting

'Boyne'
'Rubin Bulgarski'
'Cascade Dawn'
'Glen Clova'
'Glen Moy'
'Killarney'
'Malahat'
'Malling Exploit'
'Titan'
'Willamette'

Red, mid summer

'Cuthbert'
'Lloyd George'
'Meeker'
'Newburgh'
'Skeena'

Red, late summer

'Cascade Delight'
'Coho'
'Glen Prosen'
'Malling Leo'
'Octavia'
'Schoenemann'
'Tulameen'

Red, primocane, fall, autumn fruiting

'Amity
'Augusta'
'Autumn Bliss'
'Caroline'
'Heritage'
'Josephine'
'Summit'
'Zeva Herbsternte'

Gold/Yellow, primocane, fall, autumn fruiting

'Anne'
'Fallgold'
'Goldenwest'
'Golden Queen'
'Honey Queen'

Purple

'Brandywine'
'Royalty'

Black

'Black Hawk'
'Bristol'
'Cumberland'
'Glencoe'
'Jewel'
'Munger'
'Ohio Everbearer'
'Scepter'

Nutrients and Potential Health Benefits

Raspberries contain significant amounts of polyphenol antioxidants, chemicals linked to promoting endothelial and cardiovascular health. Xylitol, a sugar alcohol alternative sweetener, can be extracted from raspberries. Raspberries are considered a high-fiber food at over 8 grams dietary fiber per cup. They are an excellent source of vitamin C and manganese, a good source of vitamin K and magnesium and contain some calcium and iron.

The aggregate fruit structure contributes to its nutritional value, as it increases the proportion of dietary fiber, placing it among plants with the highest fiber contents known, up to 20% fiber per total weight. Raspberries are a rich source of vitamin C, with 30 mg per serving of 1 cup (about 50% daily value), manganese (about 60% daily value) and dietary fiber (30% daily value). Contents of vitamin A, B vitamins 1-3, iron, calcium and potassium are considerable in raspberries.^[3]

Raspberries rank near the top of all fruits for antioxidant strength, particularly due to their dense contents of ellagic acid (from ellagotannins), quercetin, gallic acid, anthocyanins, cyanidins, pelargonidins, catechins, kaempferol and salicylic acid. All these are polyphenolic antioxidants with promising health benefits under current research.^[4]

Due to their rich contents of antioxidant vitamins A and C and the phenolics mentioned above, raspberries have an ORAC value (oxygen radical absorbance capacity) of about 4900 per 100 grams, including them among the top-ranked ORAC fruits. Cranberries and wild blueberries have around 9000 ORAC units and apples average 2800.^[5]

The following anti-disease properties have been isolated in experimental models. Although there are no clinical studies to date proving these effects in humans, preliminary medical research shows likely benefit of regularly consuming raspberries against:^[6]^[7]^[8]

microbe infections
inflammation
pain
cancer
cardiovascular disease
diabetes
allergies
age-related cognitive decline
degeneration of eyesight with aging

Diseases and pests

Wasps can be a nuisance on raspberries

Raspberries are sometimes eaten by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and moths). See list of Lepidoptera which feed on Rubus.

References

1. ^ Flora of NW Europe: Rubus idaeus
2. ^ Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
3. ^ [1]
4. ^ [2]
5. ^ [3]
6. ^ [4][5]
7. ^ [6]
8. ^ [7]

cultivar is a cultivated plant that has been selected and given a unique name because it has desirable characteristics (decorative or useful) that distinguish it from otherwise similar plants of the same species. When propagated it retains those characteristics.
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hybrid has two meanings.^[1]

The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses.
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Purée and (more rarely) mash are general terms for food, usually vegetables or legumes, that have been ground, pressed, and/or strained to the consistency of a soft paste or thick liquid. Purées of specific foods are often known by specific names, e.g.
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Phytophthora

Species
Phytophthora arecae
Phytophthora botryosa
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cajani
Phytophthora cambivora
Phytophthora capsici
Phytophthora cinnamomi
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hardiness zone is a geographically-defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing, as defined by temperature hardiness, or ability to withstand the minimum temperatures of the zone.
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The nectar source in a given area depends on the type of vegetation present and the length of their bloom period. What type of vegetation will grow in an area depends on soil texture, soil pH, soil drainage, daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, extreme minimum
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The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed.

The dispute is about whether the species/subspecies treatment of Engel (1999) has been accepted by the scientific community.

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basal shoot, root sprout or sucker is a shoot or cane which grows from a bud at the base or roots of a tree or shrub. Suckers also may arise from the stumps of trees that have been cut down.
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An herbal tea, ptisan or ptisan" is any herbal infusion other than from the leaves of the tea bush (Camellia sinensis). The English word "tisane" originated from the Greek word πτισάνη (ptisanē), a drink made
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The neutrality and factual accuracy of this article are disputed.
Please see the relevant discussion on the .

Herbalism is a traditional medicinal or folk medicine practice based on the use of plants and plant extracts.
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The menstrual cycle is a recurring cycle of physiologic changes that occurs in the females of several mammals, including human beings and other apes.^[1] Humans are the only species that has a menstrual cycle with concealed ovulation.
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A boysenberry is a cross between a loganberry and a dewberry. It was discovered by Rudolph Boysen, and first commercially cultivated by Walter Knott.

In the late 1920s, George Darrow of the USDA began tracking down reports of a large, reddish-purple berry that had been grown
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R. × loganobaccus

Binomial name
Rubus × loganobaccus
L.H. Bailey

The loganberry (Rubus × loganobaccus) is a hybrid produced from crossing a blackberry and a raspberry.
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A polyphenol antioxidant is a type of antioxidant containing a polyphenolic substructure. In human health these compounds, numbering over 4000 distinct species, are thought to be instrumental in combating oxidative stress, a syndrome causative of some neurodegenerative diseases
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endothelium is the thin layer of cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels, forming an interface between circulating blood in the lumen and the rest of the vessel wall. Endothelial cells line the entire circulatory system, from the heart to the smallest capillary.
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Circulatory System is a psychedelic rock musical ensemble formed by musician/painter Will Cullen Hart, and featuring Hannah Jones, Derek Almstead, Peter Erchick, John Fernandes, and Heather McIntosh.
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Xylitol, also called wood sugar or birch sugar, is a five-carbon sugar alcohol that is used as a sugar substitute. Xylitol is a naturally occurring sweetener found in the fibers of many fruits and vegetables, including various berries, corn husks, oats, and
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A sugar alcohol (also known as a polyol, polyhydric alcohol, or polyalcohol) is a hydrogenated form of carbohydrate, whose carbonyl group (aldehyde or ketone, reducing sugar) has been reduced to a primary or secondary hydroxyl group.
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