Information about Pulmonary Stretch Receptors

A mechanoreceptor is a sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion. There are four main types in the glabrous skin of humans: Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner's corpuscles, Merkel's discs, and Ruffini corpuscles.
..... Click the link for more information.

The human lungs are the human organs of respiration.

Humans have two lungs, with the left being divided into two lobes and the right into three lobes. Together, the lungs contain approximately 1500 miles (2,400 km) of airways and 300 to 500 million alveoli, having a total
..... Click the link for more information.

The Hering-Breuer reflex is a reflex triggered to prevent overinflation of the lungs. Pulmonary stretch receptors present in the smooth muscle of the airways respond to excessive stretching of the lung during large inspirations.
..... Click the link for more information.

respiratory rate (or respiration rate) is the number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takes per minute.

There is only limited research on monitoring alien respiratory rate, and these studies have focused on such issues as the inaccuracy of respiratory rate
..... Click the link for more information.

Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that comprise surfactant have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
..... Click the link for more information.

Stretch receptors are mechanoreceptors responsive to distention of the thorax, which are neurologically linked to the medulla via efferent nerve cells, joining them to the expiratory cells present there. Stretch receptors are also found in other organs and muscles.
..... Click the link for more information.

Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
..... Click the link for more information.

respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. A diaphragm pulls air in and pushes it out. Respiratory systems of various types are found in a wide variety of organisms.
..... Click the link for more information.

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems.
..... Click the link for more information.

Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon respiration.

Topics include:

Volumes

• lung volumes
• vital capacity
• functional residual capacity
• dead space
• spirometry
• body plethysmography
• peak flow meter

..... Click the link for more information.

Larger volumes Smaller volumes
males females
taller people shorter people
non-smokers heavy smokers
professional athletes^[1] non-athletes
people living at high altitudes people living at low altitudes
..... Click the link for more information.

Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inhalation. It can also be the maximum volume of air that a person can inhale after maximum exhalation.
..... Click the link for more information.

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. At FRC, the elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are equal but opposite and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles.
..... Click the link for more information.

Respiratory minute volume (or minute ventilation, or flow of gas) is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs in one minute.
..... Click the link for more information.

dead space is air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not partake in gas exchange.

In adults, it is usually in the range of 150ml.^[1]

Understanding dead space

..... Click the link for more information.

Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath) is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
..... Click the link for more information.

..... Click the link for more information.

A peak flow meter is a small, hand-held device used to manage asthma by monitoring airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of restriction in the airways. The peak flow meter measures the patient's maximum ability to expel air from the lungs, or
..... Click the link for more information.

ventilation (or ventilation rate) is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung. It is categorised under the following definitions:

Measurement Equation Description
Minute ventilation = tidal volume * respiratory rate^[1]
..... Click the link for more information.

Positive pressure ventilators help patients with respiratory problems to breathe easier. They use high pressure gas at the opening of the patients lungs in order to mobilize oxygen flow down the pressure gradient, and into the patient's lungs.
..... Click the link for more information.

Breathing transports oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. Aerobic organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is eupnoea.
..... Click the link for more information.

Inhalation (also known as inspiration) is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, into the alveoli during breathing.

Inhalation begins with the onset of contraction of the diaphragm, which results in expansion of the intrapleural space
..... Click the link for more information.

Exhalation (or expiration) is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing.

Exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration during the production of ATP.
..... Click the link for more information.

respiratory rate (or respiration rate) is the number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takes per minute.

There is only limited research on monitoring alien respiratory rate, and these studies have focused on such issues as the inaccuracy of respiratory rate
..... Click the link for more information.

A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They allow investigation into how factors such as age or the effect of light affect the rate of respiration.
..... Click the link for more information.

Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that comprise surfactant have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
..... Click the link for more information.

158 (4): 1052-60. PMID 9769260.
..... Click the link for more information.

“Hysteresivity” derives from “hysteresis”, meaning “lag”. It is the tendency to react slowly to an outside force, or to not return completely to its original state.
..... Click the link for more information.

Airway resistance is a concept used in respiratory physiology to describe mechanical factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli, and thus determine airflow.
..... Click the link for more information.

Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.
..... Click the link for more information.