Information about Projectiles
A projectile is any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force. In a general sense, even a football or baseball may be considered a projectile. It can cause damage (injury, property damage) to a person, animal or object it hits, depending on factors including size, shape, speed and hardness. Accordingly, in practice most projectiles are designed as weapons.
Blowguns and pneumatic rifles use compressed gases, while most other guns and firearms utilize expanding gases liberated by sudden chemical reactions. Light gas guns use a combination of these mechanisms.
Railguns utilize electromagnetic fields to provide a constant acceleration along the entire length of the device, greatly increasing the muzzle velocity.
Some projectiles provide propulsion during (part of) the flight by means of a rocket engine or jet engine. In military terminology, a rocket is unguided, while a missile is guided. Note the two meanings of "rocket": an ICBM is a missile with rocket engines.
Some kinetic weapons for targeting objects in spaceflight are anti-satellite weapons and anti-ballistic missiles. Since they need to attain a high velocity anyway, they can destroy their target with their released kinetic energy alone; explosives are not necessary. Compare the energy of TNT, 4.6 MJ/kg, to the energy of a kinetic kill vehicle with a closing speed of 10 km/s, which is 50 MJ/kg. This saves costly weight and there is no detonation to be done at the right time, but on the other hand it requires a more accurate hit.
With regard to anti-missile weapons, the Arrow missile and MIM-104 Patriot have explosives, but the KEI, LEAP, and THAAD being developed do not (see Missile Defense Agency).
See also Hypervelocity terminal ballistics, Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV).
A kinetic projectile can be dropped from aircraft. This is applied by replacing the explosives of a regular bomb e.g. by concrete, for a precision hit with less collateral damage. A typical bomb has a mass of 900 kg and a speed of impact of 800 km/h (220 m/s). It is also applied for training the act of dropping a bomb with explosives. [1] This method has been used in Operation Iraqi Freedom and the subsequent military operations in Iraq by mating concrete-filled training bombs with JDAM GPS guidance kits, to attack vehicles and other relatively "soft" targets located too close to civilian structures for the use of conventional high explosive bombs.
A kinetic bombardment may involve a projectile dropped from Earth orbit. For a fictional kinetic weapon, see Relativistic kill vehicle.
See also ASM-135 ASAT.
See also Orders of magnitude (speed), Muzzle velocity.
An explosion, whether or not by a weapon, causes the debris to act as multiple high velocity projectiles. An explosive weapon, or device may also be designed to produce many high velocity projectiles by the break-up of its casing, these are correctly termed fragments.
The term projectile also refers to weapons or any other objects thrown, shot or otherwise directed to enemies in video games or computer games.
Guided Missile is a London based independent record label set up by Paul Kearney in 1994.
Guided Missile has always focused on 'the underground', preferring to put out a steady flow of considered and quality releases
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Motive force
Arrows, darts, spears, and similar weapons are fired using pure mechanical force applied by another solid object; conversely, other weapons use the compression or expansion of gases as their motive force.Blowguns and pneumatic rifles use compressed gases, while most other guns and firearms utilize expanding gases liberated by sudden chemical reactions. Light gas guns use a combination of these mechanisms.
Railguns utilize electromagnetic fields to provide a constant acceleration along the entire length of the device, greatly increasing the muzzle velocity.
Some projectiles provide propulsion during (part of) the flight by means of a rocket engine or jet engine. In military terminology, a rocket is unguided, while a missile is guided. Note the two meanings of "rocket": an ICBM is a missile with rocket engines.
Kinetic projectiles
Some projectiles do not contain an explosive charge (such as shells). They are termed kinetic projectile, kinetic energy weapon or kinetic penetrator. The classic kinetic energy weapon is the bullet. Among projectiles which do not contain explosives are railguns, coilguns, mass drivers, and kinetic energy penetrators, in addition to smaller weapons such as bullets. All of these weapons work by attaining a high muzzle velocity (hypervelocity), and collide with their objective, releasing kinetic energy.Some kinetic weapons for targeting objects in spaceflight are anti-satellite weapons and anti-ballistic missiles. Since they need to attain a high velocity anyway, they can destroy their target with their released kinetic energy alone; explosives are not necessary. Compare the energy of TNT, 4.6 MJ/kg, to the energy of a kinetic kill vehicle with a closing speed of 10 km/s, which is 50 MJ/kg. This saves costly weight and there is no detonation to be done at the right time, but on the other hand it requires a more accurate hit.
With regard to anti-missile weapons, the Arrow missile and MIM-104 Patriot have explosives, but the KEI, LEAP, and THAAD being developed do not (see Missile Defense Agency).
See also Hypervelocity terminal ballistics, Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV).
A kinetic projectile can be dropped from aircraft. This is applied by replacing the explosives of a regular bomb e.g. by concrete, for a precision hit with less collateral damage. A typical bomb has a mass of 900 kg and a speed of impact of 800 km/h (220 m/s). It is also applied for training the act of dropping a bomb with explosives. [1] This method has been used in Operation Iraqi Freedom and the subsequent military operations in Iraq by mating concrete-filled training bombs with JDAM GPS guidance kits, to attack vehicles and other relatively "soft" targets located too close to civilian structures for the use of conventional high explosive bombs.
A kinetic bombardment may involve a projectile dropped from Earth orbit. For a fictional kinetic weapon, see Relativistic kill vehicle.
See also ASM-135 ASAT.
Typical projectile speeds
| Projectile | Speed (m/s) | (ft/s) | (mph) |
|---|---|---|---|
| object falling 1 m | 4.43 m/s | 14.5 ft/s | 9.9 mph |
| object falling 10 m | 14 m/s | 46 ft/s | 31 mph |
| thrown club (weapon) (expert thrower) | 40 m/s | 130 ft/s | 90 mph |
| object falling 100 m | 45 m/s | 150 ft/s | 100 mph |
| refined (= flexible) atlatl dart (expert thrower) | 45 m/s | 150 ft/s | 100 mph |
| 80-lb-draw pistol crossbow bolt | 58 m/s | 190 ft/s | 130 mph |
| paintball fired from marker | 91 m/s | 300 ft/s | 204 mph |
| 175-lb-draw crossbow bolt | 97 m/s | 320 ft/s | 217 mph |
| air gun pellet 6 mm BB | 100 m/s | 328 ft/s | 224 mph |
| rifle bullet 4.5 mm | 150 m/s | 492 ft/s | 336 mph |
| air gun pellet (conventional maximum) | 244 m/s | 800 ft/s | 545 mph |
| 9x19 mm (bullet of a pistol) | 340 m/s | 1116 ft/s | 761 mph |
| 12.7x99 mm (bullet of a heavy machine gun) | 800 m/s | 2625 ft/s | 1790 mph |
| 5.56x45 mm (standard bullet used in many assault rifles) | 920 m/s | 3018 ft/s | 2058 mph |
| 125x1400 mm (shell of a tank) | 1700 m/s | 5577 ft/s | 3803 mph |
| ICBM reentry vehicle | up to 4 km/s | ~13000 ft/s | ~9000 mph |
| projectile of a light gas gun | up to 7 km/s | ~23000 ft/s | ~16000 mph |
| Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle | closing speed roughly 10 km/s | ~33000 ft/s | ~22000 mph |
| projectile (e.g. space debris) and target both in LEO | closing speed 0 - 16 km/s | ~53000 ft/s | ~36000 mph |
See also Orders of magnitude (speed), Muzzle velocity.
Miscellaneous
Ballistics analyze the projectile trajectory, the forces acting upon the projectile, and the impact that a projectile has on a target. A guided missile is not called a projectile.An explosion, whether or not by a weapon, causes the debris to act as multiple high velocity projectiles. An explosive weapon, or device may also be designed to produce many high velocity projectiles by the break-up of its casing, these are correctly termed fragments.
The term projectile also refers to weapons or any other objects thrown, shot or otherwise directed to enemies in video games or computer games.
See also
- Atlatl
- Bow
- Gunpowder
- Impact depth
- Torpedo
- Trajectory of a projectile
- Range of a projectile
- Collision (physical attack)
- Space debris
External Links
Projectile Motion Applet A football is used to play one of the different sports known as football. Each different code of football uses a different ball which belong to one of two different basic shapes:
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- a sphere used in association football (soccer) as well as Gaelic football;
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Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside or force, which may be physical or chemical. Injury may also refer to injured feelings or reputation rather than injuries to the body.
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Property damage is damage or destruction done to public or private property, caused either by a person who is not its owner or by natural phenomena. Property damage caused by persons is generally categorized by its cause: neglect (including oversight and human error), and
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The word size may refer to how big something is. In particular:
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- Measurement
- Dimensions: length, width, height, diameter, perimeter, area, volume
- Clothing sizes such as shoe size or dress size
- Body dimensions
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Shape (OE. sceap Eng. created thing), refers to the external two-dimensional outline, appearance or configuration of some thing — in contrast to the matter or content or substance of which it is composed.
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Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position, many times expressed as distance d traveled per unit of time t.
Speed is a scalar quantity with dimensions distance/time; the equivalent vector quantity to speed is known as
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Speed is a scalar quantity with dimensions distance/time; the equivalent vector quantity to speed is known as
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Hardness refers to various properties of matter in the solid phase that give it high resistance to various kinds of shape change when force is applied. Hard matter is contrasted with soft matter.
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weapon is a tool used to injure, incapacitate, or kill an adversary.[1][2] Weapons may be used to attack and defend, and consequently also to threaten or protect. Metaphorically, anything used to damage (even psychologically) can be referred to as a weapon.
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arrow is a pointed projectile that is shot with a bow. It predates recorded history and is common to most cultures.
A normal arrow consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other.
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Structure
A normal arrow consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other.
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Darts are missile weapons, designed to fly such that a sharp, often weighted point will strike first. They can be distinguished from javelins by fletching (i.e., feathers on the tail) and a shaft that is shorter and/or more flexible, and from arrows by the fact that they are not of
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SPEAR (Stanford Positron Electron Asymmetric Ring) is a collider at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. It began running in 1972, colliding electrons and positrons with an energy of 3 GeV.
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A blowgun or blowpipe is a simple weapon consisting of a small tube for firing light projectiles, or darts. The wielder blows into one end, forcing the dart out the other.
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air gun is a pneumatic gun which fires projectiles using compressed air or other high pressure gas as a propellant.
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History
Air guns represent the oldest pneumatic technology having existed since the 15th century...... Click the link for more information.
gun is a common name given to an object that fires high-velocity projectiles. The projectile is fired through a hollow tube known as the gun's barrel. The projectile's caliber is usually designated in fractions of an inch or in millimeters.
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firearm is a device that can be used as a weapon that fires either single or multiple projectiles propelled at high velocity by the gases produced through rapid, confined burning of a propellant. This process of rapid burning is technically known as deflagration.
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The light gas gun is an apparatus for physics experiments, a highly specialized gun designed to generate very high velocities. It is usually used to study high speed impact phenomena (hypervelocity research), such as the formation of impact craters by meteorites or the erosion of
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railgun is a form of gun that converts electrical energy (rather than the more conventional chemical energy from an explosive propellant) into projectile kinetic energy. It is not to be confused with a coilgun (Gauss gun). Rail guns use magnetic force to drive a projectile.
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muzzle velocity is the speed at which the projectile leaves the muzzle of the gun. Muzzle velocities range from subsonic (below 330 m/s / ~1080 ft/s) for some pistols to more than 1,800 m/s (~5910 ft/s) for tank guns firing kinetic energy penetrator ammunition.
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rocket engine is a reaction engine that takes all its reaction mass from within tankage and forms it into a high speed jet, thereby obtaining thrust in accordance with Newton's third law.
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jet engine is an engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's . This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump-jets, but in common usage, the term generally refers to a
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rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving fluid from within a rocket engine.
The history of rockets goes back to at least the 13th century[1].
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The history of rockets goes back to at least the 13th century[1].
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A missile (see also pronunciation differences) is a self-propelled, explosive projectile used as a weapon towards a target.
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Etymology
The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send"...... Click the link for more information.
For the weapon, see .
Guided Missile is a London based independent record label set up by Paul Kearney in 1994.
Guided Missile has always focused on 'the underground', preferring to put out a steady flow of considered and quality releases
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intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM, is a long-range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) ballistic missile typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery, that is, delivering one or more nuclear warheads.
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A shell is a payload-carrying projectile, which, as opposed to a bullet, contains an explosive or other filling, though modern usage includes large solid projectiles previously termed shot (AP, APCR, APCNR, APDS, APFSDS and Proof shot).
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bullet is a solid projectile propelled by a firearm or air gun and is normally made from metal (usually lead). A bullet (in contrast to a shell) does not contain explosives, and damages the intended target solely by imparting kinetic energy upon impact.
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railgun is a form of gun that converts electrical energy (rather than the more conventional chemical energy from an explosive propellant) into projectile kinetic energy. It is not to be confused with a coilgun (Gauss gun). Rail guns use magnetic force to drive a projectile.
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A coilgun or Gauss gun is a type of projectile weapon that uses one or more electromagnetic coils to accelerate a magnetic projectile to high velocity. It is distinctly separate from a railgun.
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mass driver or electromagnetic catapult is a method of spacecraft propulsion that would use a linear motor to accelerate payloads up to high speeds. All existing and contemplated mass drivers use coils of wire energized by electricity to make electromagnets.
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