Information about Prime Minister

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A prime minister is the most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The position is usually held by, but need not always be held by, a politician. In many systems the Prime Minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet, and allocates posts to members within the Government. In most systems they are the presiding member and chairperson of the cabinet. In a minority of systems, notably in semi-presidential system of government, a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the President.

In parliamentary systems like the United Kingdom's or Australia's Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of the government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (the King, Queen, President, or Governor-General), although officially the head of the executive branch, in fact holds a ceremonial position. The Prime Minister is often, but not always, a member of parliament and is expected with other ministers to ensure the passage of bills through the legislature. In some monarchies the prime minister also exercises executive powers (known as the Royal Prerogative) which are constitutionally vested in the Crown and can be exercised without the approval of parliament.

As well as being Head of Government, a prime minister may have other roles or titles — the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, for example, is also First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service.^[1] Prime ministers may take other ministerial posts — for example during the Second World War Winston Churchill was also Minister of Defence (although there was then no Ministry of Defence).

Primus inter pares

Historically, prime ministers are often referred to Primus inter pares, a Latin term translated as first among equals, and which reflects the original concept of a prime minister as merely the first minister or most senior minister to the monarch, not the dominant or presiding minister, a role later assumed by many prime ministers in many states.

History

While the modern office of Prime Minister was developed in the UK the first actual usage of the word Prime Minister or Premier Ministre was used by Cardinal Richelieu, when, in 1624 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers. The term Prime Minister in the sense that we know it originated in the 18th century in the United Kingdom. Since medieval times Kings of England and the United Kingdom had ministers in whom they placed special trust and who were regarded as the head of the government. Examples were Thomas Cromwell under Henry VIII; William Cecil, Lord Burghley under Elizabeth I; Clarendon under Charles II and Godolphin under Queen Anne. These ministers held a variety of formal posts, but were commonly known as "the Minister," the "first Minister" and finally the "Prime Minister."

The power of these ministers depended entirely on the personal favour of the Monarch. Although managing the Parliament was among the necessary skills of holding high office, they did not depend on a parliamentary majority for their power. Although there was a Cabinet, it was appointed entirely by the Monarch, and the Monarch usually presided over its meetings. When the Monarch tired of a first minister, they could be dismissed, or worse: Cromwell was executed and Clarendon driven into exile when they lost favour. Kings sometimes divided power equally between two or more ministers to prevent one minister becoming too powerful. Late in Anne's reign, for example, the Tory ministers Harley and St John shared power.

In the mid 17th century, after the English Civil War and the Protectorate, Parliament had strengthened its position and it emerged even more powerful after the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The King could not establish any law or impose any tax without its permission. Thus it has been said that the House of Commons became a part of the government and it has been only a further step of this development that a new kind of prime minister should emerge. This turning point in the evolution of the prime ministership came with the death of Anne in 1714 and the accession of George I. George spoke no English, spent much of his time at his home in Hanover, and had neither knowledge of nor interest in the details of English government. In these circumstances it was inevitable that the King's first minister would become the de facto head of the government. From 1721 this was the Whig politician Robert Walpole, who held office for twenty-one years. Walpole chaired Cabinet meetings, appointed all the other ministers, dispensed the royal patronage and packed the House of Commons with his supporters. Under Walpole, the doctrine of Cabinet solidarity developed. Walpole required that no minister other than him have private dealings with the King, and also that when the Cabinet had agreed on a policy, all ministers must defend it in public or resign. As a later Prime Minister, Lord Melbourne, said: "It matters not what we say, gentlemen, so long as we all say the same thing."

Walpole always denied that he was "Prime Minister," and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. The title was first referred to on Government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the Monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime Prime Minister Pitt the Younger (1783-1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post.

The prestige of British institutions in the 19th century and the growth of the British Empire saw the British model of cabinet government, headed by a prime minister, widely copied, both in other European countries and in British colonial territories as they developed self-government. In some places alternative titles such as "Premier," "Chief Minister," "First Minister of State", "President of the Council" or "Chancellor" were adopted, but the essentials of the office were the same. By the late 20th century the majority of the world's countries had a "Prime Minister" or equivalent minister, holding office under either a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president. The main exceptions to this system have been the United States and the presidential republics in Latin America, modelled on the U.S. system, in which the president directly exercises executive authority.

Prime ministers in republics and in monarchies

The post of prime minister is one which may be encountered both in constitutional monarchies (such as Belgium, Denmark, Japan, The Netherlands, Norway, Malaysia, Spain^[2], Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom), and in republics in which the head of state is an elected (such as Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Portugal, Romania, Turkey) or unelected official (such as Singapore before 1993) with varying degrees of real power. This contrasts with the presidential system, in which the President (or equivalent) is both the head of state and the head of the government. See also "First Minister" , "Premier", "Chief Minister" "Chancellor" and "Taoiseach": alternative titles usually equivalent in meaning to, or translated as, "prime minister."

In some presidential or semi-presidential systems such as those of France, Russia or South Korea the prime minister is an official generally appointed by the President but usually approved by the legislature and responsible for carrying out the directives of the President and managing the civil service. (The premier of the Republic of China is also appointed by the president, but requires no approval by the legislature. Appointment of the prime minister of France requires no approval by the parliament either, but the parliament can force the resignation of the government.) In these systems, it is possible for the president and the prime minister to be from different political parties if the legislature is controlled by a party different from that of the president. When it arises, such a state of affairs is usually referred to as (political) cohabitation.

Entry into office

In parliamentary systems a prime minister can enter into office by several means.

• By appointment by the Head of State, without reference to parliament: While in practice most Prime Ministers under the Westminster system (including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Malaysia, India and the United Kingdom) are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the Prime Minister is a royal prerogative exercised by the Queen or the Governor-General. No parliamentary vote takes place on who is forming a government. However as the government will have to outline its legislative programme to parliament in the Speech from the Throne, the speech is sometimes used to test parliamentary support. A defeat on the Speech is taken to mean a Loss of Confidence and so requires either a new draft (a humiliating act no government would contemplate), resignation, or a request for a dissolution of parliament. Until the early 20th century governments when defeated in a general election remained in power until their Speech from the Throne was defeated and then resigned. No government has done so for one hundred years, though Edward Heath in 1974 did delay his resignation while he explored whether he could form a government with Liberal support.

In such systems unwritten (and unenforceable) constitutional conventions often outline the order in which people are asked to form a government. If the Prime Minister resigns after a general election, the monarch usually asks the Leader of the Opposition to form a government. Where however a resignation occurs during a parliament (unless the government has itself collapsed) the monarch will ask another member of the government to form a government. While previously the monarch had some leeway in whom to ask, all British political parties now elect their leaders (until 1965 the Conservatives chose their leader by informal consultation). The last time the monarch had a choice over the appointment occurred in 1963 when the Earl of Home was asked to become Prime Minister ahead of Rab Butler.

• Appointment by the head of state after parliament nominates a candidate: Example: The Republic of Ireland where the President of Ireland appoints the Taoiseach on the nomination of the Dáil Éireann.
• The head of state nominates a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment as prime minister: Example: Spain, where the King sends a nomination to parliament for approval. Also Germany where under the Basic Law (constitution) the Bundestag votes on a candidate nominated by the Federal President. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state.
• The head of state appoints a prime minister who has a set timescale within which s/he must gain a vote of confidence: (Example: Italy.)
• Direct election by parliament: (Example: The Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and the Australian Capital Territory.)
• Direct election by the public (Example: Israel, 1996-2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation.)
• Appointment by a state office holder other than the head of state or his/her representative: (Example: Under the modern Swedish Instrument of Government, the power to commission someone to form a government has been moved from the Monarch to the Speaker of Parliament, who, once it has been approved, formally makes the appointment.

Though most prime ministers are 'appointed', they are often inaccurately described as 'elected'.

Prime ministers and constitutions

The position, power and status of prime ministers differ depending on the age of the constitution in individuals.

Australia's Constitution makes no mention of a Prime Minister of Australia.

Canada's Constitution, being a 'mixed' or hybrid constitution (a constitution that is partly formally codified and partly uncodified) originally did not make any reference whatsoever to a Prime Minister, with his specific duties and method of appointment instead dictated by "convention." In the Constitution Act, 1982, passing reference to a "Prime Minister of Canada" is added, though only regarding the composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers.

Germany's Basic Law (1949) lists the powers, functions and duties of the federal Chancellor.

India's Constitution of India (1950) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister.

Japan's Constitution of Japan (1946) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister.

Malta's Constitution (1964) lists the powers, functions and duties of the Prime Minister of Malta.

The Republic of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hÉireann (1937), provides for the office of Taoiseach in detail, listing powers, functions and duties.

The United Kingdom's Constitution, being uncodified and largely unwritten, makes no mention of a Prime Minister. Though it had de facto existed for centuries, its first mention in official state documents did not occur until the first decade of the twentieth century. Accordingly, it is often said "not to exist", indeed there are several instances of parliament declaring this to be the case. The prime minister sits in the cabinet solely by virtue of occupying another office, either First Lord of the Treasury (office in commission), or more rarely Chancellor of the Exchequer (the last being Balfour in 1905).

Exit from office

Contrary to popular and journalistic belief, most prime ministers in parliamentary systems are not appointed for a specific term in office and in effect may remain in power through a number of elections and parliaments. For example, Margaret Thatcher was only ever appointed prime minister on one occasion, in 1979. She remained continuously in power until 1990, though she used the assembly of each House of Commons after a general election to reshuffle her cabinet. Some states, however, do have a term of office of the prime minister linked to the period in office on the parliament. Hence the Irish Taoiseach is formally 'renominated' after every general election. (Some constitutional experts have questioned whether this process is actually in keeping with the provisions of the Irish constitution, which appear to suggest a taoiseach should remain in office, without the requirement of a renomination, unless s/he has clearly lost the general election.) The position of prime minister is normally chosen from the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament.

In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block Supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose Supply, most constitutional systems require either:

a) a letter of resignation or

b) a request of a parliamentary dissolution.

The latter in effect allows the government to appeal the opposition of parliament to the electorate. However in many jurisdictions a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government. In most modern parliamentary systems, the prime minister is the person who decides when to request a parliamentary dissolution. Older constitutions often vest this power in the cabinet. (In the United Kingdom, for example, the tradition whereby it is the prime minister who requests a dissolution of parliament dates back to 1918. Prior to then, it was the entire government that made the request. Similarly, though the modern 1937 Irish constitution grants to the Taoiseach the right to make the request, the earlier 1922 Irish Free State Constitution vested the power in the Executive Council (the then name for the Irish cabinet).

Titles

A number of different terms are used to describe prime ministers. In Germany and Austria the prime minister is actually titled Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) while the Irish prime minister is called the Taoiseach. In many cases, though commonly used, "prime minister" is not the official title of the office-holder; the Spanish prime minister is the President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno). Other common forms include President of the Council of Ministers (for example in Italy, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), President of the Executive Council, or Minister-President. In federations, the head of government of subnational entities like states or provinces is most commonly known as the Premier, Chief Minister or Minister-president.

In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries Prime Ministers and former Prime Ministers are styled Right Honourable, for example, the Right Honourable Sir John Major.

In the UK where devolved Government is in place, the leader of the Scottish Government is styled First Minister.

Chairman or chief?

Irish political scientist Professor Brian Farrell coined the term "Chairman or Chief" to describe the two alternative concepts of prime ministerial leadership, in his book of the same name about the office of Taoiseach.^[3] The term, widely used in political science worldwide, draws a distinction between a head of government who is merely a facilitator and co-ordinator of a cabinet (the "chairman"), and those who lead it forcefully from the front, setting its policy agenda and requiring all ministers to follow the leader's policies (the "chief"). Examples of "chairmen" have included Bertie Ahern (Ireland), John Major (United Kingdom) and Couve de Murville (France), while examples of chiefs included Indira Gandhi and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ,Seán Lemass (Ireland), Margaret Thatcher and Tony Blair (United Kingdom), and Jacques Chirac when prime minister under cohabitation.

Not every prime minister fits exclusively into either category: Éamon de Valera, though a strong personality, was only interested in controlling some of his government's agenda (usually constitutional matters and Anglo-Irish affairs), and allowed large areas to decided by his colleagues. Though superficially a chief (and called "the Chief" [the literal translation of Taoiseach] by his colleagues) historians see him as more of a chairman, particularly in later governments. Winston Churchill too, though superficially a "chief", was more chairmanlike in later governments and in those areas in which he had little personal interest.

As well as describing office holders, individual offices could be described as belonging to one or other category. Among the more dominant prime ministerial offices in terms of powers, and so more chieflike, are the premierships of Ireland and Spain, where premiers can hire and fire at will. In contrast, offices such as President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, Prime Minister of the Third French Republic, and the premierships of Belgium and The Netherlands are more chairmanlike in format. Lijphart referred to the premiership of the Netherlands as "primus inter pares without due emphasis on primus".^[4]

Description of the role

Wilfried Martens, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium, described his role as follows:

First of all [the Prime Minister] must listen a lot, and when deep disagreements occur, he must suggest a solution to the matter. This can be done in different ways. Sometimes during the discussion, I note the elements of the problem and think of a proposal I can formulate to the Council (cabinet), the Secretary taking notes. The Ministers then insist on changing commas and full stops. The Prime Minister can also make a proposal which leaves enough room for amendments in order to keep the current discussion on the right tracks. When a solution must be found in order to reach a consensus, he can force one or two Ministers to join or resign.^[5]

Lists of prime ministers

The following table groups the list of past and present prime ministers and details information available in those lists.

Country	List starts	Table shows parties?	Term given by years or dates?	Present incumbent
Afghanistan	1953	-	years	(Post Abolished)
Albania	1912	-	years	Sali Berisha
Algeria	1962	yes	years	Abdelaziz Belkhadem
Andorra	1982	-	years	Albert Pintat
Angola	1975	-	dates	Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
Anguilla	1976	yes	dates	Osbourne Fleming
Antigua and Barbuda	1981	-	years	Baldwin Spencer
Armenia	1918	yes	dates	Serzh Sarkisyan
Aruba	1986	-	dates	Nelson O. Oduber
Australia	1901	yes	dates	John Howard
Austria	1918	yes	years	Alfred Gusenbauer
Azerbaijan	1918	yes	dates	Artur Rasizade
Bahamas	1967	-	dates	Hubert Ingraham
Bahrain	1970	-	years	Sheikh Khalifah ibn Sulman Al Khalifah
Bangladesh	1971	yes	dates	Fakhruddin Ahmed (interim)
Barbados	1954	yes	dates	Owen Arthur
Belarus	1990	-	dates	Sergey Sidorsky
Belgium	1918	-	dates	Guy Verhofstadt
Belize	1973	yes	years	Said Musa
Benin	1957	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Bermuda	1968	yes	dates	Ewart Brown
Bhutan	1952	-	dates	Lyonpo Khandu Wangchuk
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2006	-	dates	Nikola Špirić
Botswana	1965	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Brazil	1847	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
British Virgin islands	1967	yes	dates	Orlando Smith
Bulgaria	1879	yes	dates	Sergey Stanishev
Burkina Faso	1971	-	dates	Tertius Zongo
Burundi	1961	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Cambodia	1996	-	years	Hun Sen
Cameroon	1960	-	dates	Ephraïm Inoni
Canada	1867	yes	dates	Stephen Harper
Cape Verde	1975	-	dates	José Maria Neves
Cayman islands	1992	yes	dates	Kurt Tibbetts
Central African Republic	1958	-	dates	Élie Doté
Chad	1978	-	dates	Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
China, People's Republic of	1949	-	dates	Wen Jiabao
Comoros	1957	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Congo (Brazzaville)	1957	yes	dates	Isidore Mvouba
Congo (Kinshasa)	1960	yes	dates	Antoine Gizenga
Cook Islands	1965	yes	dates	Jim Marurai
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)	1957	yes	dates	Guillaume Soro
Croatia	1990	-	dates	Ivo Sanader
Cyprus, North	1983	yes	dates	Ferdi Sabit Soyer
Cuba	1940	-	dates	Fidel Castro
Czech Republic	1969	-	years	Mirek Topolánek
Denmark	1848	-	years	Anders Fogh Rasmussen
Djibouti	1977	-	dates	Dileita Mohamed Dileita
Dominica	1960	-	dates	Roosevelt Skerrit
East Timor	2002	-	dates	Estanislau da Silva
Egypt	1878	-	years	Ahmed Nazif
Equatorial Guinea	1963	-	dates	Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea
Estonia	1991	-	dates	Andrus Ansip
Ethiopia	1942	yes	dates	Meles Zenawi
Faroe islands	1946	-	years	Jóannes Eidesgaard
Fiji	1966	-	dates	Frank Bainimarama (interim)
Finland	1917	yes	years	Matti Vanhanen
France	1815	-	years	François Fillon
Gabon	1957	yes	dates	Jean Eyeghe Ndong
The Gambia	1961	-	dates	(Post Abolished)
Georgia	1918	yes	dates	Zurab Nogaideli
Ghana	1957	-	dates	(Post Abolished)
Germany	1871	yes	dates	Angela Merkel
Gibraltar	1964	yes	dates	Peter Caruana
Greece	1833	-	dates	Kostas Karamanlis
Greenland	1979	-	years	Hans Enoksen
Grenada	1954	-	years	Keith Mitchell
Guernsey	2007	-	dates	Mike Torode
Guinea	1972	-	dates	Lansana Kouyaté
Guinea-Bissau	1973	-	dates	Martinho Ndafa Kabi
Guyana	1953	-	dates	Sam Hinds
Haiti	1988	-	dates	Jacques-Édouard Alexis
Hungary	1848	-	dates	Ferenc Gyurcsány
Iceland	1904	-	dates	Geir Haarde
India	1947	yes	dates	Manmohan Singh
Indonesia	1945	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Iran	1824	-	years	(Post Abolished)
Iraq	1920	-	years	Nouri al-Maliki
Ireland	1937	yes	dates	Bertie Ahern
Israel	1948	-	years	Ehud Olmert
Italy	1861	-	years	Romano Prodi
Jamaica	1959	-	years	Bruce Golding
Japan	1885	-	dates	Yasuo Fukuda
Jersey	2005	-	dates	Frank Walker
Jordan	1944	-	dates	Marouf al-Bakhit
Kazakhstan	1928	-	years	Karim Masimov
Korea, North	1948	-	years	Kim Yong-il
Korea, South	1948	-	years	Han Duck-soo
Kuwait	1962	-	dates	Sheikh Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah
Kyrgyzstan	1991	-	dates	Almazbek Atambayev
Laos	1941	-	years	Bouasone Bouphavanh
Latvia	1990	yes	dates	Aigars Kalvītis
Lebanon	1926	-	dates	Fouad Siniora
Lesotho	1965	yes	dates	Pakalitha Mosisili
Libya	1951	-	dates	Baghdadi Mahmudi
Liechtenstein	1921	yes	dates	Otmar Hasler
Lithuania	1990	yes	dates	Gediminas Kirkilas
Luxembourg	1959	-	years	Jean-Claude Juncker
Macedonia	1991	yes	dates	Nikola Gruevski
Madagascar	1833	-	dates	Charles Rabemananjara
Malawi	1963	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Malaysia	1957	yes	years	Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Mali	1957	yes	dates	Ousmane Issoufi Maïga
Malta	1921	yes	years	Lawrence Gonzi
Isle of Man	1986	-	years	Tony Brown
Mauritania	1957	yes	dates	Zeine Ould Zeidane
Mauritius	1961	yes	dates	Navin Ramgoolam
Moldova	1990	-	dates	Vasile Tarlev
Monaco	1911	n/a	dates	Jean-Paul Proust
Mongolia	1912	yes	dates	Miyeegombo Enkhbold
Montenegro	1879	yes	dates	Željko Šturanović
Montserrat	1960	yes	dates	Lowell Lewis
Morocco	1955	yes	years	Abbas El Fassi
Mozambique	1974	yes	dates	Luisa Diogo
Myanmar (Burma)	1948	yes	dates	Soe Win
Nagorno-Karabakh	1992	-	dates	Anushavan Danielyan
Namibia	1990	yes	dates	Nahas Angula
Nepal	1953	-	dates	Girija Prasad Koirala
Netherlands (List)	1848	yes	dates	Jan Peter Balkenende
Netherlands Antilles	1954	yes	years	Emily de Jongh-Elhage
New Zealand	1856	yes	dates	Helen Clark
Newfoundland	1855	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Niger	1958	yes	dates	Seyni Oumarou
Norfolk island	1896	-	dates	Andre Nobbs
Norway	1814	-	years	Jens Stoltenberg
Pakistan	1947	-	dates	Shaukat Aziz
Palestine	2003	yes	dates	Ismail Haniya
Papua New Guinea	1975	yes	years	Sir Michael Somare
Peru	1975	yes	dates	Jorge del Castillo
Philippines	1899	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Poland	1917	-	dates	Jarosław Kaczyński
Portugal	1834	yes	dates	José Sócrates
Qatar	1972	-	dates	Sheikh Hamad ibn Jassim ibn Jabr Al Thani
Romania	1862	-	years	Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu
Russia	1991	yes	dates	Mikhail Fradkov
Rwanda	1960	yes	dates	Bernard Makuza
Saint Kitts and Nevis	1960	-	dates	Denzil Douglas
Saint Lucia	1960	-	dates	Sir John Compton
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	1956	-	dates	Ralph Gonsalves
Samoa	1875	yes	dates	Tuila'epa Sailele Malielegaoi
São Tomé and Principe	1974	yes	dates	Tomé Vera Cruz
Senegal	1957	yes	dates	Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré
Serbia	1805	-	years	Vojislav Koštunica
Singapore	1965	-	dates	Lee Hsien Loong
Slovakia	1918	-	dates	Robert Fico
Slovenia	1990	yes	years	Janez Janša
Solomon islands	1949	yes	dates	Manasseh Sogavare
Somalia	1949	yes	dates	Ali Mohammed Ghedi
South Africa	1910	-	dates	(Post Abolished)
Spain	1902	yes	years	José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero
Sri Lanka	1948	-	dates	Ratnasiri Wickremanayake
The Sudan	1952	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)
Swaziland	1967	-	years	Themba Dlamini
Sweden	1876	yes	years	Fredrik Reinfeldt
Syria	1920	-	dates	Muhammad Naji al-Otari
Taiwan (ROC)	1911	-	dates	Chang Chun-hsiung
Tajikistan	1992	-	dates	Okil Okilov
Tanzania	1960	yes	dates	Edward Lowassa
Thailand	1932	-	years	Surayud Chulanont
Togo	1956	yes	dates	Yawovi Agboyibo
Tokelau	1992	-	dates	Kuresa Nasau
Tonga	1876	-	years	Feleti Sevele
Trinidad and Tobago	1956	-	dates	Patrick Manning
Tunisia	1969	-	dates	Mohamed Ghannouchi
Turkey	1920	yes	dates	Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Turks and Caicos Islands	1976	yes	dates	Michael Misick
Tuvalu	1975	n/a	dates	Apisai Ielemia
Uganda	1961	yes	dates	Apolo Nsibambi
Ukraine	1990	-	dates	Viktor Yanukovych
United Arab Emirates	1971	-	years	Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
United Kingdom	1721	yes	dates	Gordon Brown
Uzbekistan	1995	-	dates	Shavkat Mirziyoyev
Vanuatu	1980	yes	dates	Ham Lini
Vatican	1644	n/a	years	Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone
Vietnam	1976	yes	dates	Nguyễn Tấn Dũng
Yemen	1990	yes	years	Ali Muhammad Mujawar
Zambia	1964	yes	dates	(Post Abolished)

Footnotes

See also

• Chancellor
• List of democracy and elections-related topics
• President
• Monarch
• Governor-General
• Head of state
• List of national leaders
• Heads of state timeline
• Prime minister of the United States (pejorative or unofficial term)

External links

• Website of the Prime Minister of Albania
• Website of the Prime Minister of Australia
• Website of the Prime Minister of Barbados
• Website of the Prime Minister of Belgium
• Website of the Prime Minister of Bosnia & Herzegovina
• Website of the Prime Minister of Canada
• Website of the Prime Minister of Croatia
• Website of the Prime Minister of France
• Website of the Federal Chancellor of Germany
• Website of the Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic (Greece)
• Website of the Prime Minister of Hungary
• Website of the Prime Minister of Iceland
• Website of the Prime Minister of India
• Website of the Taoiseach of Ireland
• Website of the Prime Minister of Israel
• Website of the Prime Minister of Italy
• Website of the Prime Minister of Japan
• Website of the Prime Minister of South Korea
• Website of the Prime Minister of Malaysia
• Website of the Prime Minister of The Netherlands
• Website of the Prime Minister of New Zealand
• Website of the Prime Minister of Norway
• Website of the Prime Minister of Poland
• Website of the Chairman of Serbia and Montenegro Council
• Website of the Prime Minister of Slovenia
• Website of the President of the Government of Spain
• Website of the Prime Minister of Singapore
• Website of the Prime Minister of Sweden
• Website of the Prime Minister of Thailand
• Website of the Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
• Website of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

•  • [ e] Heads of Government
Chancellor | Chief Minister | First Minister | Minister-President | Premier | President of the Executive Council | President of the Council of Ministers | President of the Government | Prime Minister | Taoiseach