Information about Preverb
Although not widely accepted in linguistics, the term preverb is used in Caucasian (including all three families: Northwest Caucasian, Nakh-Dagestanian and Kartvelian), Caddoan, and Algonquian linguistics to describe certain elements prefixed to verbs.
Theoretically, any prefix could be called a preverbal element. However, in practice, the term preverb applies more narrowly in these families, and refers to a prefixed element that is normally outside the premise of verbal morphology, such as locations of noun elements, or less often, noun elements themselves.
Note in the two examples that the meaning of the future tense is achieved only by adding the preverb; no other grammatical change occurs. Some examples where preverbs have directional meanings are:
Again, note that only the preverbs are changed in order to convey the meaning of various directional meanings. It should also be noted that preverbs add directional meanings not only to the verbs of motion, but to any kind of verbs. Compare the examples of the verb -tser- ("write"):
As can be seen from the examples the preverb changes according to the indirect object (the person for (to) whom the verb is being done).
In Georgian many verbs have a common root. For example, "end" and "stay" have the same verb root, -rch-. The meanings of these verbs are rather distinguished through their preverbs and other elements of the verb compound:
As one clearly notices, the verbs are identical in the present tense, but differ in the future tense, because of their preverbs.
Persian preverbs, referred to as "āndar" or "dar", are:
.او کتابی داشت (static attribute)
U ketābi dāsht.
.او کتابی را برداشت (dynamic attribute)
U ketabi bar dāsht.
The Pre-verb is normally positioned ahead of the verb. If the verb is composed of two separable components, the pre-verb is positioned ahead of the second component. The Pre-verb can be positioned at the end of the sentence, owing to versification requirements:
از کارِ خير عزمِ تو هرگز نگشت با?
هرگز زِ راه بازنگشتهست هيچ تي?
Manuchehri (11th - 12th Century AD)
..... Click the link for more information.
Mandarin
官話 GuānhuÃ
Spoken in: People's Republic of China
..... Click the link for more information.
Theoretically, any prefix could be called a preverbal element. However, in practice, the term preverb applies more narrowly in these families, and refers to a prefixed element that is normally outside the premise of verbal morphology, such as locations of noun elements, or less often, noun elements themselves.
Northwest Caucasian
In the Northwest Caucasian family, such elements can include nouns, directional and locative preverbs (equivalents of prepositions), as in this example from Ubykh:| sæbghjawq'anayt' | ||||
| sæ- | bghja- | w- | q'a | -nayt' |
| 1SG- | PVB- | 2SG- | talk | -IMPF |
| You were talking about me (lit. you were talking on me) | ||||
Caddoan
In Caddoan linguistics, preverbal elements are less well defined as a class, and often "preverb" designates a part of the verbal root which can be separated from the rest of the root by certain prefixes, as in this Wichita example:| taatÃÃsaaskinnaʔas | |||||||
| ta- | i- | aa- | tÃÃsaas | kir | ri- | ʔa | -s |
| INDIC- | 3SG- | PVB- | medicine | liquid | portative- | come | -IMPF |
| He is bringing (liquid) medicine | |||||||
Mandarin Chinese
In Mandarin Chinese and many other Chinese languages, the term preverb is used somewhat differently to describe certain words which carry the meanings of prepositions in English. These words are lexically verbs in Chinese, and appear before the noun in question. These words are more commonly referred to as coverbs.Georgian
In Georgian, the main function of a preverb is to distinguish between the present tenses and the future tenses. In order to make a present tense verb into a future tense, one has to add the preverb to the verb compound. In addition to this function, preverbs also have directional meanings in Georgian. Preverbs are directly attached to the beginning of the verb compound:- aketebs ("he does it") and gaaketebs ("he will do it")
- vtser ("I am writing") and davtser ("I will write")
Note in the two examples that the meaning of the future tense is achieved only by adding the preverb; no other grammatical change occurs. Some examples where preverbs have directional meanings are:
- modis ("he is coming")
- midis ("he is going")
- adis ("he is going up (the stairs)", "he is getting on (a bus)")
- chamodis ("he is arriving")
- shemodis ("he is entering")
Again, note that only the preverbs are changed in order to convey the meaning of various directional meanings. It should also be noted that preverbs add directional meanings not only to the verbs of motion, but to any kind of verbs. Compare the examples of the verb -tser- ("write"):
- davtsere ("I wrote it")
- mogtsere ("I wrote it to you")
- mistsere ("I wrote it to them")
- gadagtsere ("I wrote to you (from a place)")
As can be seen from the examples the preverb changes according to the indirect object (the person for (to) whom the verb is being done).
In Georgian many verbs have a common root. For example, "end" and "stay" have the same verb root, -rch-. The meanings of these verbs are rather distinguished through their preverbs and other elements of the verb compound:
- rcheba ("he is staying"), darcheba ("he will stay")
- rcheba ("it is ending"), morcheba ("it will end")
As one clearly notices, the verbs are identical in the present tense, but differ in the future tense, because of their preverbs.
Modern Persian
A preverb is a morpheme, which is applied together with the participles modifying their meaning and the meaning of their derivates.Persian preverbs, referred to as "āndar" or "dar", are:
- bar
- bāz
- farā and ha
- farāz
- foru and ho
- ham
- negah and negāh
- pas
- piš
- ru
- sar
- var
- va
.او کتابی داشت (static attribute)
U ketābi dāsht.
| 3rdP PRONOUN- | Book.DEFINITE- | Have.PAST |
.او کتابی را برداشت (dynamic attribute)
U ketabi bar dāsht.
| 3rdP PRONOUN- | Book.DEFINITE- | PVB- | Have.PAST |
The Pre-verb is normally positioned ahead of the verb. If the verb is composed of two separable components, the pre-verb is positioned ahead of the second component. The Pre-verb can be positioned at the end of the sentence, owing to versification requirements:
از کارِ خير عزمِ تو هرگز نگشت با?
هرگز زِ راه بازنگشتهست هيچ تي?
Manuchehri (11th - 12th Century AD)
For the journal, see .
Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist...... Click the link for more information.
languages of the Caucasus are a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic, Abkhaz-Adyghe, or Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasus region, chiefly in Russia (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia), Georgia (Abkhazia), and Turkey, with smaller
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic, Abkhaz-Adyghe, or Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasus region, chiefly in Russia (Adygea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia), Georgia (Abkhazia), and Turkey, with smaller
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Caddoan languages are a family of Native American languages. They are spoken across the Great Plains of the central United States, from North Dakota to Oklahoma.
I.
..... Click the link for more information.
Family division
Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family:I.
..... Click the link for more information.
Algonquian (also Algonquin) languages are a subfamily of Native American languages that includes most of the languages in the Algic language family (the two Algic languages that are not Algonquian are Wiyot and Yurok of northwestern California).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Examples
A proper or common noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. As usual, a `*' in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
..... Click the link for more information.
A proper or common noun can co-occur with an article or an attributive adjective. Verbs and adjectives can't. As usual, a `*' in front of an example means that this example is ungrammatical.
..... Click the link for more information.
In grammar, a preposition is a part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. For example, in the sentence "The cat sleeps on the sofa", the word "on" is a preposition, introducing the prepositional phrase "on the sofa".
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Ubykh or Ubyx is a language of the Northwestern Caucasian group, spoken by the Ubykh people up until the early 1990s.
The word is derived from /wəbəx/
..... Click the link for more information.
The word is derived from /wəbəx/
..... Click the link for more information.
The imperfect tense, in the classical grammar of several Indo-European languages, denotes a past tense with an imperfective aspect. In English, it is referred to as the past continuous tense.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Wichita is a moribund Caddoan language spoken in Oklahoma. Only one fluent speaker remains, and hence it is almost certain that Wichita will soon become extinct.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sounds
..... Click the link for more information.
A portative organ (or portatif organ) was a small medieval organ carried by the performer, who manipulated the bellows with one hand and fingered the keys with the other.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This page contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.
Mandarin
官話 GuānhuÃ
Spoken in: People's Republic of China
..... Click the link for more information.
Chinese or the Sinitic language(s) (汉语/漢語, Pinyin: Hà nyǔ; 华语/華語, Huáyǔ; or 中文, Zhōngwén) can be considered a language or language family.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In general linguistics, a coverb (or converb) is a non-finite verb form that serves to express adverbial subordination, i.e. notions like 'when', 'because', 'after', 'while'.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Georgian (ქართული ენა, kartuli ena) is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.
Georgian is the primary language of about 3.
..... Click the link for more information.
Georgian is the primary language of about 3.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
