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Information about Positive Pressure Ventilation

Positive pressure ventilators help patients with respiratory problems to breathe easier. They use high pressure gas at the opening of the patients lungs in order to mobilize oxygen flow down the pressure gradient, and into the patient's lungs.

Spontaneous breathing usually happens because a negative pressure is created inside the lungs and air enters quickly to fill this lower pressure. With PPV the ventilator generates a positive pressure outside the patient. A breathing tube is inserted to achieve this.

The positive pressure ventilation is a method that consists in creating an air flow ("wind") by raising the pressure in a part of a device or building.

It is used to assist the respiration when it is inefficient
see Mechanical ventilation.


It is also used in fire fighting to push the smoke away. See Ventilation (firefighting)

See also



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Respiratory system, physiology: respiratory physiology
Volumeslung volumes - vital capacity - functional residual capacity - respiratory minute volume - dead space - spirometry - body plethysmography - peak flow meter
Airwaysventilation (V) (positive pressure) - breath (inhalation, exhalation) -respiratory rate - respirometer - pulmonary surfactant - compliance - hysteresivity - airway resistance
Bloodpulmonary circulation - perfusion (Q) - hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction - pulmonary shunt
Interactionsventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) and scan - zones of the lung - gas exchange - pulmonary gas pressures - alveolar gas equation - hemoglobin - oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve (2,3-DPG, Bohr effect, Haldane effect) - carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift) - oxyhemoglobin - respiratory quotient - arterial blood gas - diffusion capacity - Dlco
Control of respirationpons (pneumotaxic center, apneustic center) - medulla (dorsal respiratory group, ventral respiratory group) - chemoreceptors (central, peripheral) - pulmonary stretch receptors - Hering-Breuer reflex
Insufficiencyhigh altitude - oxygen toxicity - hypoxia
Pressure (symbol: p) is the force per unit area applied on a surface in a direction perpendicular to that surface.

Gauge pressure is the pressure relative to the local atmospheric or ambient pressure.
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In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of oxygen from the ambient air to the tissue cells and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the biochemical definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration
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mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing when patients cannot do so on their own, and must be done so after invasive intubation with an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube through which air is directly delivered (in contrast to
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Firefighting is the act of extinguishing destructive fires. A firefighter fights these fires and prevents destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a highly technical profession which requires years of training and education in order to become
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Smoke is the airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases emitted when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion, together with the quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise mixed into the mass.
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ventilation refers to the tactic of creating a draft with an opening above or opposite the entry point so that heat and smoke will be released, permitting the firefighters to find and attack the fire.
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Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a method of respiratory ventilation used primarily in the treatment of sleep apnea, for which it was first developed.

PAP ventilation is also commonly used for critically ill patients in hospital with respiratory failure, and in
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For other uses, see Peeps (Disambiguation).
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is a term used in mechanical ventilation to denote the amount of pressure above atmospheric pressure present in the airway at the end of the expiratory cycle.
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respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. A diaphragm pulls air in and pushes it out. Respiratory systems of various types are found in a wide variety of organisms.
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Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems.
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Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon respiration.

Topics include:

Volumes

  • lung volumes
  • vital capacity
  • functional residual capacity
  • dead space
  • spirometry
  • body plethysmography
  • peak flow meter


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Larger volumes Smaller volumes
males females
taller people shorter people
non-smokers heavy smokers
professional athletes[1] non-athletes
people living at high altitudes people living at low altitudes
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Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that a person can exhale after maximum inhalation. It can also be the maximum volume of air that a person can inhale after maximum exhalation.
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) is the volume of air present in the lungs at the end of passive expiration. At FRC, the elastic recoil forces of the lungs and chest wall are equal but opposite and there is no exertion by the diaphragm or other respiratory muscles.
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Respiratory minute volume (or minute ventilation, or flow of gas) is the volume of air which can be inhaled (inhaled minute volume) or exhaled (exhaled minute volume) from a person's lungs in one minute.
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dead space is air that is inhaled by the body in breathing, but does not partake in gas exchange.

In adults, it is usually in the range of 150ml.[1]

Understanding dead space


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Spirometry (meaning the measuring of breath) is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs), measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled.
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Please help [ improve the introduction] to meet Wikipedia's layout standards.

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A peak flow meter is a small, hand-held device used to manage asthma by monitoring airflow through the bronchi and thus the degree of restriction in the airways. The peak flow meter measures the patient's maximum ability to expel air from the lungs, or
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ventilation (or ventilation rate) is the rate at which gas enters or leaves the lung. It is categorised under the following definitions:

Measurement Equation Description
Minute ventilation = tidal volume * respiratory rate[1]
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Breathing transports oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. Aerobic organisms require oxygen to create energy via respiration, in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. The medical term for normal relaxed breathing is eupnoea.
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Inhalation (also known as inspiration) is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, into the alveoli during breathing.

Inhalation begins with the onset of contraction of the diaphragm, which results in expansion of the intrapleural space
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Exhalation (or expiration) is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing.

Exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration during the production of ATP.
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respiratory rate (or respiration rate) is the number of breaths a living being, such as a human, takes per minute.

There is only limited research on monitoring alien respiratory rate, and these studies have focused on such issues as the inaccuracy of respiratory rate
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A respirometer is a device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism by measuring its rate of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They allow investigation into how factors such as age or the effect of light affect the rate of respiration.
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Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex formed by type II alveolar cells. The proteins and lipids that comprise surfactant have both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
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158 (4): 1052-60. PMID 9769260.
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“Hysteresivity” derives from “hysteresis”, meaning “lag”. It is the tendency to react slowly to an outside force, or to not return completely to its original state.
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Airway resistance is a concept used in respiratory physiology to describe mechanical factors which limit the access of inspired air to the pulmonary alveoli, and thus determine airflow.
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Pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart. The term is contrasted with systemic circulation.
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