Information about Polytechnic
"Institute of Technology" is also the name of a vocational school in California. For the band known as "Polytechnic", see Polytechnic (Band).
Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education specialising in technology, an institution of vocational education specialising in technology, a mixture of both, or a secondary education school focused in vocational training. The term polytechnic comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polı) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". While the term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT, the term is not to be confused with information technology.
The term institute of technology is used in many countries where polytechnic is uncommon. In other countries the opposite is true.
Sometimes, also institutes of technology are considered universities when they meet conditions necessary to be formally considered a university: autonomy to offer masters and doctoral degrees and independence as research institutions. US famous examples include Caltech, MIT. In India, Indian Institutes of Technology are specific elite institutes which were based on a post WWII recommendation for industrialisation. Those are highly regarded full chartered universities with a long history.
In several countries, like Germany and Switzerland, polytechnics are institutions of tertiary education, and can award academic degrees and doctorates since centuries ago. Famous examples are the RWTH Aachen and ETH Zurich, both considered universities.
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant distinction between polytechnics and universities. In Ireland the term institute of technology is more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law.
In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes[1][2]. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees. Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions.[3][4]
The Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium, such as for example the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel, are now undergoing a process of academization, where they form associations with an university and where research is being integrated in the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. See Bologna process.
In the Netherlands institutes of technology on university level (i.e. with bachelor and master degree level) are called Technische Universiteit. Three exist, in Delft (Delft University of Technology), Eindhoven and Enschede (Twente).
France has some polytechnic type higher education establishments which belong to a group of renowned and specialized institutions called Grandes écoles; they generally have full names starting with École supérieure (higher school) or École nationale (national school), often shortened or summarized into acronyms (for instance, the full name of the École des Mines is École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris or ENSMP). These schools are the most prestigious higher education institutions in the country. This may lead to some confusion in English-speaking countries, where the term "polytechnic" often carries a more average connotations.
In particular, the École Polytechnique is popularly seen as the most prestigious scientific and technical school in the country, giving rise to popular expressions such as Pas besoin d'avoir fait Polytechnique pour comprendre ça ("No need to have been to Polytechnique to understand this", to be said of something which should be readily understood).
There used to be a differentiation between a Fachhochschule and Technische Hochschule (or Technische Universität) and the Diplom degree of the Fachhochschule is considered below a university degree. However, through the Bologna Process, the Bachelor's, Master's degrees have been made equivalent. The Technische Hochschule focuses more on research and can grant doctoral degrees.
The Fachhochschule, in contrast, has many similarities to the Hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland and can grant Bachelor's, Diplom (FH) and Master's degrees. But the Fachhochschule offers university-like education in contrast to the Hogeschool which offers more vocational education. The Fachhochschule performs research in the field of applying science.
After successfully completing their diploma in polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities.
Polytechnic Equivalent Diploma These are diploma equivalent to diploma issued by polytechnics in India. These courses are conducted by institutions like IETE [www.iete.org], IME[1] coaching classes for these courses are available through institutions like [PNS College of Engineering.][2]
Pusa Polytechnic is one of the institutes located in New Delhi which offers Diploma Certificate as well as the IETE certificate to its students.
Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic, located in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal is a premier institute in providing Diploma courses.
Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.
See also: Community College
See also Technical education in Japan and Colleges of Technology in Japan.
See also: Education in Malaysia.
Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.
See also: List of polytechnics and institutes of technology in New Zealand and Education in New Zealand
See also: list of colleges and universities in Portugal and Higher Education in Portugal
These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and are in service since early 1950s.
Polytechnics offer three year diploma courses in subjects such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields. There are a total of 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
''See also: List of universities in South Africa
There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).
Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University.
See also: Education in Thailand
Academic degrees in polytechnics were validated by the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) from 1965 to 1992. The CNAA was chartered by the British government to validate and award degrees and maintain national quality assurance standards. A CNAA degree was recognised as equivalent to a university degree and the courses were under strict scrutiny by assessors external to the Polytechnics. After 1992, the polytechnics (new universities) awarded their own degrees. Sub-degree courses at these institutions were validated by the Business & Technology Education Council (BTEC), and many of them continue to offer BTEC qualifications.
While most polytechnics were formed in the expansion of higher education in the 1960s, some can trace their history back much further than this. For instance, London Polytechnic (now the University of Westminster), emerged from the Royal Polytechnic Institution which was founded in 1838. The first UK Institution to use the name "Polytechnic" was the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, which it still retains, together with the affectionate nick-name "The Poly".
The polytechnics were generally seen as ranking below universities in the provision of higher education, due to their lack of degree-awarding powers, the fact that they concentrated on applied education for work, had less research than the universities, and because the qualifications necessary to gain a place in one were lower than for a university. However, in terms of an undergraduate education this was a misconception since all polytechnics offered academic degrees validated by the CNAA from bachelor degree to research degrees. Also professional degrees in, for instance, engineering, town planning, law, and architecture were validated by the professional institutions.
Although many former polytechnics remain low in the University League Tables, some have steadily improved and can be found in the top half of some of the tables of all universities. Examples include Middlesex University (ranked 19th in The Guardian 2004 league table, but 96th in The Times 2007 table) and Oxford Brookes University (2004 The Guardian 26th; The Times 2007 54th). [3] [4]
The polytechnics changed their names when they gained university status. Some simply dropped "Polytechnic" and added "University" to their titles, however this was often not possible as there was another University with the name. In these cases by far the most popular choice of title was "Metropolitan", because the institution was situated in a city or other large metropolitan area. Examples are Manchester Metropolitan University and Leeds Metropolitan University. These titles are often shortened to "Met" (Man Met, Leeds Met) or an acronym (MMU, LMU). The Ulster Polytechnic remains the only polytechnic to unite with a university; this occurred in 1984.
The designation "Institute of Technology" itself was not used consistently in higher education; for example in the British university sector it was used only by the postgraduate institutions Cranfield Institute of Technology (now Cranfield University) and Wessex Institute of Technology. Two university institutes which also taught undergraduates used the related designation "Institutes of Science and Technology"; UWIST (University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology) and UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology), both of which have merged with other universities. The designation was also used for a time by two Scottish Central Institutions (Dundee and Robert Gordon's Institutes of Technology) plus the Bolton and Bradford Institutes of Technology, all four of which now have university status and have university in their titles. In addition, Loughborough University of Technology had university status since 1966 and was a fully-fledged university and the only one in the UK to have the designation University of Technology.
See also: British universities
A handful of American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on science and technology. The level of academic rigor in these schools may vary from entry-level state universities to elite schools such as the Polytechnic University of New York, California Institute of Technology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Georgia Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York Institute of Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level -- parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's-granting institution. The academic level of these schools varies by course of study; some courses are geared toward immediate employment in a trade, while others are tracked to transfer into a four-year program. Some of these technical institutes are for-profit organizations (such as ITT Technical Institute) compared to most other non-profit educational institutes.
Nowadays, most of the Institutos de Tecnología are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality. They are widely regarded, sometimes incorrectly, as inferior to the university education.
Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. Few, if any Institutos de Tecnología have any research facilities.
Institute of technology, and polytechnic, are designations employed in a wide range of learning institutions awarding different types of degrees and operating often at variable levels of the educational system. It may be an institution of higher education specialising in technology, an institution of vocational education specialising in technology, a mixture of both, or a secondary education school focused in vocational training. The term polytechnic comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polı) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts". While the term institute of technology is often abbreviated IT, the term is not to be confused with information technology.
The term institute of technology is used in many countries where polytechnic is uncommon. In other countries the opposite is true.
Institutes of technology versus polytechnics
The institutes of technology and polytechnics have existed at least since the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of technical education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges.Sometimes, also institutes of technology are considered universities when they meet conditions necessary to be formally considered a university: autonomy to offer masters and doctoral degrees and independence as research institutions. US famous examples include Caltech, MIT. In India, Indian Institutes of Technology are specific elite institutes which were based on a post WWII recommendation for industrialisation. Those are highly regarded full chartered universities with a long history.
In several countries, like Germany and Switzerland, polytechnics are institutions of tertiary education, and can award academic degrees and doctorates since centuries ago. Famous examples are the RWTH Aachen and ETH Zurich, both considered universities.
In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant distinction between polytechnics and universities. In Ireland the term institute of technology is more favored synonym of a regional technical college though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology is a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law.
In a number of countries, although being today generally considered similar institutions of higher learning across many countries, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have a quite different statute among each other, its teaching competences and organizational history. In many cases polytechnic were a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an institute of technology. A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like institute of technology, polytechnic university, university of applied sciences, or university of technology for marketing purposes[1][2]. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and everybody can grant degrees. Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions.[3][4]
Australia
- See also: , , , and
1970s-1990s
During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities, or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.1990s-Today
Since the mid 1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded Technical and Further Education (TAFE) institutes. These primarily offer vocational education, although some are beginning to offer higher education. This usage of the term is most prevalent in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s-1990s period.Belgium and the Netherlands
Hogeschool is used in Belgium and Hogere Technische School (HTS) in the Netherlands. The Hogeschool has many similarities to the Ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.The Hogeschool institutions in the Flemish Community of Belgium, such as for example the Erasmus Hogeschool Brussel, are now undergoing a process of academization, where they form associations with an university and where research is being integrated in the curriculum, which will allow them to deliver academic master's degrees. See Bologna process.
In the Netherlands institutes of technology on university level (i.e. with bachelor and master degree level) are called Technische Universiteit. Three exist, in Delft (Delft University of Technology), Eindhoven and Enschede (Twente).
Canada
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, (Burnaby, British Columbia)
- Pacific Audio Visual Institute, PAVI (Vancouver, British Columbia)
- Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, SAIT (Calgary, Alberta) (Name changing to SAIT Polytechnic)
- Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, NAIT (Edmonton, Alberta)
- Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology, SIAST (4 campuses: Regina, Saskatoon, Moose Jaw and Prince Albert)
- École de technologie supérieure, ETS (Montreal, Quebec)
- École polytechnique de Montréal, (Montreal, Quebec)
Finland - Ammattikorkeakoulu - Yrkeshögskola
An Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "Yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to bachelor degree, particularly in technology. After January 1st 2006 some Finnish institutes of technology switched the English term polytechnic to the term University of Applied Sciences in their official names. The Ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the Hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas. One should not confuse this with korkeakoulu, or "university", for example, Teknillinen korkeakoulu.French language areas - Écoles Polytechniques
In the French areas like France, Belgium, Canada and Switzerland, a Polytechnic is an école polytechnique:- École polytechnique or X near Paris
- École polytechnique de Bruxelles
- École Polytechnique de Montréal
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne
France has some polytechnic type higher education establishments which belong to a group of renowned and specialized institutions called Grandes écoles; they generally have full names starting with École supérieure (higher school) or École nationale (national school), often shortened or summarized into acronyms (for instance, the full name of the École des Mines is École nationale supérieure des Mines de Paris or ENSMP). These schools are the most prestigious higher education institutions in the country. This may lead to some confusion in English-speaking countries, where the term "polytechnic" often carries a more average connotations.
In particular, the École Polytechnique is popularly seen as the most prestigious scientific and technical school in the country, giving rise to popular expressions such as Pas besoin d'avoir fait Polytechnique pour comprendre ça ("No need to have been to Polytechnique to understand this", to be said of something which should be readily understood).
German language areas - Fachhochschule and Technische Hochschule
Fachhochschule and Technische Hochschule are the common terms in a number of countries with German influences, these are Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland - the term Fachhochschule is now officially translated as "University of Applied Sciences" to resect their role. Polytechnic type institutions are widespread in this part of Europe. For example, Germany has 159 Fachhochschule-institutions.There used to be a differentiation between a Fachhochschule and Technische Hochschule (or Technische Universität) and the Diplom degree of the Fachhochschule is considered below a university degree. However, through the Bologna Process, the Bachelor's, Master's degrees have been made equivalent. The Technische Hochschule focuses more on research and can grant doctoral degrees.
The Fachhochschule, in contrast, has many similarities to the Hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland and can grant Bachelor's, Diplom (FH) and Master's degrees. But the Fachhochschule offers university-like education in contrast to the Hogeschool which offers more vocational education. The Fachhochschule performs research in the field of applying science.
- Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH Aachen). The best University of Technology in Germany by research grants.
- Technical University of Berlin (Technical University Berlin - TU Berlin)
- Technical University at Brunswick
- Darmstadt University of Technology (First German university with administrative autonomy)
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg
- Technical University of Hamburg
- University of Karlsruhe (Universität Karlsruhe (TH)): Germany's oldest technical (within borders from 1945) university
- Technical University of Munich (TUM)
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zurich or ETHZ)
- Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbuettel (University of Applied Sciences Braunschweig/Wolfenbuettel)
- Fachhochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (Berlin University of Technology and Business)
- Alice Salomon University of Applied Science Berlin - (ASFH Berlin - Berlin University for Social Work and Care)
- University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart (Hochschule für Technik, Stuttgart): One of Germany's largest universities for applied sciences focusing heavily on architecture and construction.
Greece
- National Technical University of Athens
- University of Patras http://www.upatras.gr/education/departments/departments.php?lang=en
Hong Kong
- See also: Education in Hong Kong and List of universities in Hong Kong
India
Polytechnic is a technical institute which imparts technical education in India. Polytechnics are not affiliated to any university. They offer three year duration diploma courses in engineering. The courses offered in polytechnics can be said to be abridged version of degree courses offered in engineering colleges in India. The courses are designed in such a way that the students are able to perform basic engineering tasks. The diploma holders in engineering are generally employed as supervisors or junior engineers in the companies. The minimum qualification for admission to polytechnics is pass in SSLC (Standard Tenth). The polytechnics are affiliated to state technical boards. The All India Council of Technical Education is the regulating authority for polytechnics in India.After successfully completing their diploma in polytechnic, students can gain lateral entry to engineering degree (under graduate) courses called BE which are conducted by engineering colleges affiliated to universities.
Polytechnic Equivalent Diploma These are diploma equivalent to diploma issued by polytechnics in India. These courses are conducted by institutions like IETE [www.iete.org], IME[1] coaching classes for these courses are available through institutions like [PNS College of Engineering.][2]
Pusa Polytechnic is one of the institutes located in New Delhi which offers Diploma Certificate as well as the IETE certificate to its students.
Acharya Prafulla Chandra Ray Polytechnic, located in the city of Kolkata, West Bengal is a premier institute in providing Diploma courses.
Indonesia
- Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) is the best school in the field of engineering and science in Indonesia.
- Institut Teknologi Sepuluh November (ITS)
Iran
- Tehran Polytechnic or Amirkabir University of Technology is a Full technology university in Tehran. Tehran Polytechnic
- Isfahan Institute of Technology is located in Isfahan.
Ireland
The Republic of Ireland has an "Institute of Technology" system, formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system - the latter term is still the correct legal term for the colleges when used generically or collectively. These institutions have a similar number of students attending as at Irish universities, and offer subdegree and degree level studies. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Higher Education & Training Awards Council.Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system, and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin, Trinity College it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees.
See also: Community College
Israel
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
Italian language areas
Politecnico is the common term used in Italy: In the Italian speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term Scuola Universitaria Professionnale for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German speaking part of the country. (see at "German language areas")Japan
See the Tokyo Institute of Technology and the Imperial College of Engineering, forerunner of The University of Tokyo's engineering faculty. See also Kyushu Institute of Technology, Osaka Institute of Technology and Nagoya Institute of Technology.See also Technical education in Japan and Colleges of Technology in Japan.
Malaysia
In Malaysia, polytechnic does not have the power to confer degree or anything higher.See also: Education in Malaysia.
New Zealand
New Zealand polytechnics are established under the Education Act 1989 as amended, and are considered state-owned tertiary institutions along with universities, colleges of education, and wānanga; there is today often much crossover in courses and qualifications offered between all these types of Tertiary Education Institutions. Some have officially taken the title 'institute of technology' which is a term recognised in government strategies equal to that of the term 'polytechnic'. One has opted for the name 'Universal College of Learning' (UCOL), and another 'Unitec New Zealand'. These are legal names but not recognised terms like 'polytechnic' or 'institute of technology'. Many if not all now grant at least bachelor-level degrees.Since the 1990s, there has been consolidation in New Zealand's state-owned tertiary education system. In the polytechnic sector: Wellington Polytechnic amalgamated with Massey University. The Central Institute of Technology explored a merger with the Waikato Institute of Technology, which was abandoned, but later, after financial concerns, controversially amalgamated with Hutt Valley Polytechnic, which in turn became Wellington Institute of Technology. Some smaller polytechnics in the North Island, such as Waiarapa Polytechnic, amalgamated with UCOL. (The only other amalgamations have been in the colleges of education.)
The Auckland University of Technology is the only polytechnic to have been elevated to university status; while Unitec has had repeated attempts blocked by government policy and consequent decisions; Unitec has not been able to convince the courts to overturn these decisions.
See also: List of polytechnics and institutes of technology in New Zealand and Education in New Zealand
Portugal
History
Polytechnic Schools (Escolas Politécnicas) were created in the 19th century in Lisbon (Escola Politécnica) and Porto (Academia Politécnica), and were merged into the newly created universities of Lisbon and Porto in 1911. Other than the name, they were not related at all with the current polytechnic subsystem which exists in Portugal since the 1970s, or to any current institution belonging to them. The current "Polytechnical Institutes" started to open after 1974. Some of them have its origins in the former vocational education "Institutes of Industry and Commerce" (Institutos Industriais e Comerciais) like the ones founded in Lisbon (Instituto Industrial e Comercial de Lisboa), Porto, and Coimbra. Currently, there are fifteen state-run polytechnical institutes (the polytechnics) in Portugal and also several other private polytechnic institutions. The designation "Institute of Technology" is not applied at all, being meaningless in Portugal. The polytechnical institutes (institutos politécnicos) of Portugal are not universities as they don't have autonomy to award neither masters nor doctoral degrees, and unlike universities, they have not a true research policy. However, since the mid 2000s, after many reforms, upgrades, and changes, including the Bologna process, the Portuguese polytechnical institutes have become de facto technical universities with little formal difference between them and the classic full chartered universities (polytechnics can't award doctorate degrees and, in general, they are not true research institutions, with very few exceptions). The polytechnical institutes are organized into confederations of autonomous polytechnic higher education units comprising a wide range of fields from engineering or technologies to education to accountancy to agriculture (called institutes and schools). Since the creation of the first polytechnical institutes that started in the late 1970s, to 1999 after new legislation has been approved for these institutions, the polytechnics were only allowed to offer a three year bachelor degree (bacharelato). In opposition, the Portuguese universities conferred 4 to 6 years major bachelor degrees, known in many countries as licentiate degree (licenciatura). The universities were also the only institutions awarding masters and doctoral degrees in Portugal to graduated people having the licenciatura diploma conferred exclusively in the universities. In general, the polytechnic system has been oftenly regarded as a second choice alternative to the university for a large number of students.[5]Current day
Currently, higher education in Portugal is organized into two subsystems: university and polytechnic, with both kind of institutions operating across the country, and since after 2006, with the approval of new legislation and the Bologna Process any polytechnic or university institution of Portugal, is legally able to provide a first cycle of study, known as licenciatura plus a second cycle which confers the master's degree. However, not all polytechnic institutions will offer the second cycle as they do not comply with the necessary requirements (like budget, proper research activities or doctorated teaching staff). Doctorate degrees are still an exclusive competence of universities.See also: list of colleges and universities in Portugal and Higher Education in Portugal
Pakistan
The Polytechnic institutes in Pakistan, offer a diploma spanning three years in different branches. Students are admitted based on their results in the Metric Exams. Main purpose of Polytechnic Institutes are to train technologists in various trades. These trades include Electrical, Mechanical, Civil, Auto and Diesel Technology, Electronics, Chemical, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Textile, Instrumentation etc.These institutes are located throughout Pakistan and are in service since early 1950s.
Singapore
Singapore retains a system close to that applying in the United Kingdom from 1969-1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities, but also including a third component, the institute of technical education (ITE). Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their 'O' Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either ITE, a polytechnic or a Pre-university centre (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralised institute). A few secondary schools are now offering a six-year programme which leads directly to university entrance.Polytechnics offer three year diploma courses in subjects such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields. There are a total of 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:
- Singapore Polytechnic
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic
- Temasek Polytechnic
- Nanyang Polytechnic
- Republic Polytechnic
South Africa
South Africa is in a process of transforming its "higher education landscape". Historically a division in South Africa between Universities and Technikons (polytechnics) as well between institutions servicing particular racial and language groupings. In 1993 Technikons were afforded the power to award certain technology degrees. Beginning in 2004 former Technikons have either been merged with traditional Universities to form Comprehensive Universities or have become Universities of Technology, however the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).''See also: List of universities in South Africa
Thailand
Most of Thailand's institutes of technology were developed from technical colleges, in the past could not grant bachelor's degrees; today, however, they are university level institutions, some of which can grant degrees to the doctoral level. Examples are Pathumwan Institute of Technology (developed from Pathumwan Technical School), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (Nondhaburi Telecommunications Training Centre), and King Mongkut's Institute of Technology North Bangkok (Thai-German Technical School).There are two former institutes of technology, which already changed their name to "University of Technology": Rajamangala University of Technology (formerly Institute of Technology and Vocational Education) and King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Thonburi Technology Institute).
Institutes of technology with different origins are Asian Institute of Technology, which developed from SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, and Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, an engineering school of Thammasat University.
See also: Education in Thailand
Turkey
- Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul
- Middle East Technical University, Ankara
- Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon
- Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Istanbul
- Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir
United Kingdom
Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Like other polytechnics, their aim was to teach both academic and practical subjects. Their focus was applied education for work and their roots concentrated on engineering and applied science, though soon after being founded they also created departments concerned with the humanities. Under the Further and Higher Education Act, 1992 they became fully fledged universities. The UK government recognised that the difference between polytechnics and universities had become irrelevant and confusing. The designation 'polytechnic' was also, less commonly, used by further education colleges such as Kilburn Polytechnic (later renamed as Kilburn College). The division between universities and polytechnics was known as the binary divide.Academic degrees in polytechnics were validated by the Council for National Academic Awards (CNAA) from 1965 to 1992. The CNAA was chartered by the British government to validate and award degrees and maintain national quality assurance standards. A CNAA degree was recognised as equivalent to a university degree and the courses were under strict scrutiny by assessors external to the Polytechnics. After 1992, the polytechnics (new universities) awarded their own degrees. Sub-degree courses at these institutions were validated by the Business & Technology Education Council (BTEC), and many of them continue to offer BTEC qualifications.
While most polytechnics were formed in the expansion of higher education in the 1960s, some can trace their history back much further than this. For instance, London Polytechnic (now the University of Westminster), emerged from the Royal Polytechnic Institution which was founded in 1838. The first UK Institution to use the name "Polytechnic" was the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society, which it still retains, together with the affectionate nick-name "The Poly".
The polytechnics were generally seen as ranking below universities in the provision of higher education, due to their lack of degree-awarding powers, the fact that they concentrated on applied education for work, had less research than the universities, and because the qualifications necessary to gain a place in one were lower than for a university. However, in terms of an undergraduate education this was a misconception since all polytechnics offered academic degrees validated by the CNAA from bachelor degree to research degrees. Also professional degrees in, for instance, engineering, town planning, law, and architecture were validated by the professional institutions.
Although many former polytechnics remain low in the University League Tables, some have steadily improved and can be found in the top half of some of the tables of all universities. Examples include Middlesex University (ranked 19th in The Guardian 2004 league table, but 96th in The Times 2007 table) and Oxford Brookes University (2004 The Guardian 26th; The Times 2007 54th). [3] [4]
The polytechnics changed their names when they gained university status. Some simply dropped "Polytechnic" and added "University" to their titles, however this was often not possible as there was another University with the name. In these cases by far the most popular choice of title was "Metropolitan", because the institution was situated in a city or other large metropolitan area. Examples are Manchester Metropolitan University and Leeds Metropolitan University. These titles are often shortened to "Met" (Man Met, Leeds Met) or an acronym (MMU, LMU). The Ulster Polytechnic remains the only polytechnic to unite with a university; this occurred in 1984.
The designation "Institute of Technology" itself was not used consistently in higher education; for example in the British university sector it was used only by the postgraduate institutions Cranfield Institute of Technology (now Cranfield University) and Wessex Institute of Technology. Two university institutes which also taught undergraduates used the related designation "Institutes of Science and Technology"; UWIST (University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology) and UMIST (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology), both of which have merged with other universities. The designation was also used for a time by two Scottish Central Institutions (Dundee and Robert Gordon's Institutes of Technology) plus the Bolton and Bradford Institutes of Technology, all four of which now have university status and have university in their titles. In addition, Loughborough University of Technology had university status since 1966 and was a fully-fledged university and the only one in the UK to have the designation University of Technology.
See also: British universities
United States
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Rogers Hall - this is the main building of Polytechnic University, in Brooklyn, NY.
A handful of American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on science and technology. The level of academic rigor in these schools may vary from entry-level state universities to elite schools such as the Polytechnic University of New York, California Institute of Technology, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, Georgia Institute of Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, New York Institute of Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level -- parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's-granting institution. The academic level of these schools varies by course of study; some courses are geared toward immediate employment in a trade, while others are tracked to transfer into a four-year program. Some of these technical institutes are for-profit organizations (such as ITT Technical Institute) compared to most other non-profit educational institutes.
Venezuela
Institutes of technology in Venezuela were developed in the 1950s as an option for post-Secondary education in technical and scientific courses, after the polytechnic French concepts. At that time, technical education was considered essential for the development of a sound middle class economy.Nowadays, most of the Institutos de Tecnología are privately run businesses, with varying degrees of quality. They are widely regarded, sometimes incorrectly, as inferior to the university education.
Most of these institutes award diplomas after three or three and a half years of education. Few, if any Institutos de Tecnología have any research facilities.
Institutions using the terms "institute of technology" or "polytechnic"
University level
There are many university level higher learning institutions granting the highest academic degrees (including doctorate), that use the terms "institute of technology" or "polytechnic" for historic reasons:- Arkansas Tech University, Russellville, Arkansas, USA
- British Columbia Institute of Technology, British Columbia, Canada
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), Pomona, California, USA
- California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly SLO), San Luis Obispo, California, USA
- California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, California, USA
- Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
- Florida Institute of Technology (Florida Tech), Melbourne, Florida, USA
- Gebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, Turkey
- Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Hefei Polytechnic University
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University
- Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT or Illinois Tech), Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Indian Institutes of Technology (7 institutes across India)
- IIT Bombay, Bombay, India
- IIT Delhi, Delhi, India
- IIT Guwahati, Guwahati, India
- IIT Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- IIT Kharagapur, Kharagapur, India
- IIT Madras, Chennai, India
- IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Indiana Institute of Technology (Indiana Tech), Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
- Iowa State University of Science and Technology (Iowa State), Ames, Iowa, USA
- Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, France
- Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
- İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
- Lawrence Technological University (Lawrence Tech), Southfield, Michigan, USA
- Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Michigan Technological University (MTU or Michigan Tech), Houghton, Michigan, USA
- Montana Tech of The University of Montana, Butte, Montana, USA
- New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA
- New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology (New Mexico Tech), Socorro, New Mexico, USA
- New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), Old Westbury, NY, USA
- Oregon Institute of Technology (OIT or Oregon Tech), Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA
- Politecnico di Milano, Italy
- Politecnico di Torino, Italy
- Polytechnic University of New York (Poly), Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Polytechnic University of the Philippines
- Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI), Troy, New York, USA
- Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), Rochester, New York, USA
- Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (RHIT), Terre Haute, Indiana, USA
- Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (Mines), Rapid City, South Dakota, USA
- State University of New York Institute of Technology (SUNYIT), Utica, New York, USA
- Stevens Institute of Technology (Stevens Tech), Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology,Haifa, Israel
- Tennessee Technological University (Tennessee Tech), Cookeville, Tennessee, USA
- Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
- Tunisia Polytechnic School (EPT), Tunisia
- Universitatea Politehnica Bucureşti, Romania
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain
- University of Minnesota, Institute of Technology, Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, USA
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Waterford Institute of Technology (WIT), Waterford, Ireland
- West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech or West Virginia Tech), Montgomery, West Virginia, USA
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
Other higher education
There are many other types of higher education institutions (post-secondary education) which are not universities and use the terms "institute of technology" or "polytechnic":- Pusa Polytechnic, Delhi, India.
- Otago Polytechnic, New Zealand
- Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, New Zealand
- Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT), New York, New York, USA
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana, (Ivy Tech), 23 campuses throughout Indiana, USA
- Nanyang Polytechnic, Singapore
- National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico
- New York City College of Technology (City Tech), Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore
- Pennsylvania College of Technology (Penn College), Williamsport, Pennsylvania, USA
- Savonia Polytechnic, Finland
- Singapore Polytechnic, Singapore
- Ungku Omar Polytechnic, Malaysia
- UNITEC Institute of Technology, since 2004 Unitec New Zealand, New Zealand
Secondary education
There are also secondary education schools using that word:- Long Beach Polytechnic High School, Long Beach, California, USA
- Benson Polytechnic High School, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Polytechnic School, Pasadena, California, USA
- Francis Polytechnic High School, Los Angeles, California, USA. This began as the business department of Los Angeles High School in the 1890s, and became a separate school in 1906.
- Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Notes and references
1. ^ Polytechnic to change its name, By Desie Heita, The Namibia Economist, Retrieved June 2006.
2. ^ Name change on the cards for APU, 2006 Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom. Retrieved June 2006.
3. ^ "Producing New Workers: quality, equality and employability in higher education - Quality in Higher Education, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2001", Louise Morley, University of London Institute of Education. Retrieved June 2006.
4. ^ First destination graduate employment as key performance indicator: outcomes assessment perspectives, Prof. Johan Bruwer, unit for institutional planning and research, Cape Technikon, South Africa, November 1998. Retrieved June 2006.
5. ^ Ensino superior deve abrir-se a novos públicos, in a Página da Educação (Portuguese Education magazine), interview to Ana Maria Seixas, Ph.D. in Education Sciences, professor and researcher at the Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra (in Portuguese)
2. ^ Name change on the cards for APU, 2006 Anglia Ruskin University, United Kingdom. Retrieved June 2006.
3. ^ "Producing New Workers: quality, equality and employability in higher education - Quality in Higher Education, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2001", Louise Morley, University of London Institute of Education. Retrieved June 2006.
4. ^ First destination graduate employment as key performance indicator: outcomes assessment perspectives, Prof. Johan Bruwer, unit for institutional planning and research, Cape Technikon, South Africa, November 1998. Retrieved June 2006.
5. ^ Ensino superior deve abrir-se a novos públicos, in a Página da Educação (Portuguese Education magazine), interview to Ana Maria Seixas, Ph.D. in Education Sciences, professor and researcher at the Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra (in Portuguese)
External links
- Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges in Europe
- All India Council For Technical Education
- Higher Education Commission Pakistan
Institute of Technology is a vocational school in California. Several career training programs are offered at Institute of Technology's three campus locations at Clovis, Modesto and Roseville.
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Polytechnic are an indie-rock band based in Chorlton-cum-Hardy in Manchester, England.
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Members
Dylan Giles (vocal, guitar); Yuri Caul (bass); Tim Warren (drums); Denny Hilton (guitar); Peet Earnshaw (keyboards, backing vocals)History
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Higher education is education provided by universities, vocational universities (community colleges, liberal arts colleges, and technical colleges, etc.) and other collegial institutions that award academic degrees, such as career colleges.
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Vocational education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade,
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Secondary education is the final stage of compulsory education, preceded by primary education and followed by higher education. It is characterised by transition from the typically compulsory, comprehensive primary education for minors to the optional, selective tertiary,
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Greek}}}
Writing system: Greek alphabet
Official status
Official language of: Greece
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Official language of: Greece
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Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.
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The 18th Century lasted from 1701 through 1800 in the Gregorian calendar.
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Allied powers:
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
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Germany
Japan
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Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
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...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
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...et al.
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Vocational education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade,
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Industrialisation (also spelt Industrialization) or an Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an
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university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and doctorate) in a variety of subjects. A university provides both tertiary and quaternary education.
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master's degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded after the completion of a program of one to four years in duration.
In the recently standardized European system of higher education diplomas, it corresponds to a two years postgraduate program undertaken after at
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In the recently standardized European system of higher education diplomas, it corresponds to a two years postgraduate program undertaken after at
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doctorate is an academic degree of, in many countries, the highest level, second only to the habilitation in those (primarily Central and Eastern European) countries that grant the latter. The term doctorate comes from the Latin doctor, meaning "teacher.
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Research is a human activity based on intellectual investigation and aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising human knowledge on different aspects of the world. Research can use the scientific method, but need not do so.
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California Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Caltech)[1] is a private, coeducational research university located in Pasadena, California, in the United States. Caltech maintains a strong emphasis on the natural sciences and engineering.
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Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private, coeducational research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, containing 32 academic departments,[3]
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The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), are an elite group of seven autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education established and declared as Institutes of National Importance by the Government of India.
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Tertiary education, also referred to as third-stage, third level education, or higher education, is the educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium.
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RWTH Aachen University is a large university located in Aachen (Germany). "RWTH" is the abbreviation of Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule which translates into "Rheinish-Westphalian Technical University". However, officially, "RWTH" remains untranslated.
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ETH Zürich, often called Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, is a science and technology university in the City of Zürich, Switzerland. The full name reads , with ETHZ also being a common unofficial abbreviation.
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Ireland
Éire
Airlann <nowiki />
Northwest of continental Europe with Great Britain to the east.
Geography <nowiki/>
Location Western Europe <nowiki />
Archipelago
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Éire
Airlann <nowiki />
Northwest of continental Europe with Great Britain to the east.
Geography <nowiki/>
Location Western Europe <nowiki />
Archipelago
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A Regional Technical College (RTC) is a type of college in Ireland now replaced by an Institute of Technology (IT). The idea of the institutions was first announced by Patrick Hillery in 1963. A year later, a site for an institution in Carlow was identified.
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Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) was established officially in 1992 under the Dublin Institute of Technology Act but had been previously set up in 1978 on an ad-hoc basis.
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Higher education is education provided by universities, vocational universities (community colleges, liberal arts colleges, and technical colleges, etc.) and other collegial institutions that award academic degrees, such as career colleges.
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A vocational university (professional university, or college of higher vocational studies) is an institution of higher education and sometimes research, which provides both tertiary and sometimes quaternary education and grants academic degrees at all levels (bachelor, master, and
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Vocational education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET), also called Career and Technical Education (CTE)) prepares learners for careers that are based in manual or practical activities, traditionally non-academic and totally related to a specific trade,
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