Information about Pharynx
) | |
| Head and neck. | |
) | |
| Pharynx | |
| subject #244 1141 | |
| Artery | ascending pharyngeal, ascending palatine, descending palatine |
| Vein | pharyngeal veins |
| Nerve | pharyngeal plexus |
| MeSH | Pharynx |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | p_16/12633198 |
Functions
It is part of the digestive system and respiratory system of many organisms.Because both food and air pass through the pharynx, a flap of connective tissue called the epiglottis closes over the trachea when food is swallowed to prevent choking or aspiration. In humans the pharynx is important in vocalization.
Parts
The human pharynx is conventionally divided into three sections:Nasopharynx
The nasopharynx lies behind the nasal cavity.Postero-superiorly this extends from the level of the junction of the hard and soft palates to the base of skull, laterally to include the fossa of Rosenmuller.
The inferior wall consists of the superior surface of the soft palate.
Oropharynx
The oropharynx lies behind the oral cavity.- The anterior wall consists of the base of the tongue and the vallecula.
- The lateral wall is made up of the tonsil, tonsillar fossa, and tonsillar (faucial) pillars.
- The superior wall consists of the inferior surface of the soft palate and the uvula roughly at the level of C1.
Hypopharynx
The hypopharynx, also known as the laryngopharynx roughly corresponds to the levels between C3 to C6, it includes the pharyngo-esophageal junction (postcricoid area), the piriform sinus, and the posterior pharyngeal wall.Like the oropharynx above it the hypopharynx serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium.
It lies directly anterior to the upright epiglottis and extends to the larynx, where the respiratory and digestive pathways diverge.
At that point the laryngopharynx is continuous with the esophagus posteriorly. The esophagus conducts food and fluids to the stomach; air enters the larynx anteriorly. During swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops.
Additional images
) Conducting passages. | ) Organs of the digestive system. | ) The entrance to the larynx, viewed from behind. | Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx. |
The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind. |
References
- Stedman's/LWW 1551471
- Human Anatomy and Physiology Elaine N. Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Seventh Edition.
- TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours Sobin LH & Wittekind Ch (eds)Sixth edition UICC 2002 ISBN 0-471-22288-7
See also
External links
Anatomy: respiratory system |
|---|
| Nose • Nasal cavity • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Lungs • Bronchi • Alveoli • Conducting zone • Respiratory zone |
Anatomy of torso, digestive system: Gastrointestinal tract | |
|---|---|
| Upper GI: to stomach | Mouth • Pharynx (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx) • Esophagus • Crop |
| Upper GI: stomach | rugae - gastric pits - cardia/gland - fundus/gland - pylorus/gland - pyloric antrum - greater curvature - lesser curvature |
| Lower GI: intestines | Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) • Vermiform appendix • Ileocecal valve - Large intestine: Cecum • Colon (ascending colon, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon) |
| Lower GI: after intestines | Rectum (Houston valve, rectal ampulla, pectinate line) • Anal canal (anal valves, anal sinuses, anal columns) - Anus: Sphincter ani internus muscle • Sphincter ani externus muscle |
| Lower GI: continuous | GALT: Peyer's patches • M cells - intestinal villus • crypts of Lieberkhn • circular folds • taenia coli • haustra • epiploic appendix |
Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.[1] All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood.
The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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The ascending pharyngeal artery, the smallest branch of the external carotid, is a long, slender vessel, deeply seated in the neck, beneath the other branches of the external carotid and under the Stylopharyngeus.
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The ascending palatine artery is an artery in the head that branches off the facial artery and runs up the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle.
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Structure
The ascending palatine artery arises close to the origin of the facial artery and passes up between the..... Click the link for more information.
The descending palatine artery is an artery of the head.
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Course
It descends through the pterygopalatine canal with the anterior palatine branch of the sphenopalatine ganglion, and, emerging from the greater palatine foramen, runs forward in a groove on the medial side of..... Click the link for more information.
vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. The majority of veins in the body carry low-oxygen blood from the tissues back to the heart; the exceptions being the pulmonary and umbilical veins which both carry oxygenated blood.
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The pharyngeal veins begin in the pharyngeal plexus on the outer surface of the pharynx, and, after receiving some posterior meningeal veins and the vein of the pterygoid canal, end in the internal jugular.
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A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projection of a neuron). Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells, though this term is technically imprecise since many neurons do not form nerves, and nerves also include the glial cells that
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The pharyngeal plexus is a network of nerve fibers supplied by the pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve joining with branches from the pharyngeal branches of glossopharyngeal nerve, sympathetic fibers, and the external laryngeal nerve.
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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The neck is the part of the body on many limbed vertebrates that distinguishes the head from the torso or trunk.
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Anatomy of the human neck
Bony anatomy: The cervical spine
The cervical portion of the human spine..... Click the link for more information.
In anatomy, the throat is the part of the neck anterior to the vertebral column. It consists of the pharynx and larynx. An important feature of the throat is the epiglottis, a flap which separates the oesophagus from the trachea and prevents inhalation of food or drink.
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mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the orifice through which an organism takes in food and water.
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Location
In all mammals, the mouth is forward-facing in the face. Non-mammals have mouths in other locations (e.g...... Click the link for more information.
The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
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Function
The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the areas of the respiratory tract...... Click the link for more information.
Cranial may refer to:
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- Anatomical terms of location
- Cranial Osteopathy
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The esophagus (also spelled oesophagus/œsophagus, Greek οἰσοφάγος), or gullet
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The larynx (plural larynges), colloquially known as the voicebox, is an organ in the neck of mammals involved in protection of the trachea and sound production.
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trachea, or windpipe, is a tube that has an inner diameter of about 20-25 mm and a length of about 10-16cm. It extends from the larynx to the primary (main) bronchi in mammals, and from the pharynx to the syrinx in birds, allowing the passage of air to the lungs.
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The digestive system is the organ system that breaks down and absorbs nutrients that are essential for growth and maintenance. The digestive system includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, (intestines), rectum, and anus.
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respiratory system generally includes tubes, such as the bronchi, used to carry air to the lungs, where gas exchange takes place. A diaphragm pulls air in and pushes it out. Respiratory systems of various types are found in a wide variety of organisms.
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Food is any substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure.
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Earth's atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earth's gravity. It contains roughly (by molar content/volume) 78% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.
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The epiglottis is a lid-like flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the tongue. It projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone.
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Choking
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 F41.0, R06.8, T17, W78-W80
ICD-9 784.9 , 933.1
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 F41.0, R06.8, T17, W78-W80
ICD-9 784.9 , 933.1
- For choking meaning compression of the neck, see Strangling. For other usage of choking, see choke.
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In medicine, aspiration is the entry of secretions or foreign material into the trachea and lungs. The patient may either inhale the material, or it may be blown into the lungs during positive pressure ventilation or CPR.
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Vocalization may refer to:
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- Speech communication
- Vocal music
- A type of animal communication involving their vocal chords
- L-vocalization, a process by which an /l/ sound (a lateral consonant) is replaced by a vowel or semivowel sound
- Tiberian vocalization
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The nasopharynx (nasal part of the pharynx) lies behind the nose and above the level of the soft palate: it differs from the oral and laryngeal parts of the pharynx in that its cavity always remains patent (open).
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The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face.
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Function
The nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the areas of the respiratory tract...... Click the link for more information.
Behind the ostium of the auditory tube is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller).
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Clinical significance
At the base of this recess is the retropharyngeal lymph node (the Node of Rouvier...... Click the link for more information.
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