Information about Penal Transportation
For other uses see Transport (disambiguation) or Transportation (disambiguation).
Transportation or penal transportation is used to refer to the deporting of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then including Ireland) to its colonies in The Americas, from the 1620s to 1770s, and Australia between 1788 and 1868. It can also be used generally to describe such activities.
A convict who had served part of his time might apply for a ticket of leave permitting some prescribed freedoms. This enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and a few to contribute to the further development of the colonies. Some used the freedom to revert to their previous ways. But exile was an essential component of the punishment. At one time, returning from transportation was a hanging offence.[1]
Transportation punished both major and petty crimes in Great Britain and Ireland from the 17th century until well into the 19th century. At the time it was seen as a more humane alternative to execution, which would most likely have been the sentence handed down to many of those who were transported, if transportation had not been introduced. From the 1620s until the American Revolution the British colonies in North America received transported British criminals, effectively double the period that Australian colonies subsequently received convicts. The American Revolutionary War brought an end to that means of disposal, and with the remaining British colonies in what is now Canada being periously close to the new United States of America sending people who might easily become hostile to British authorities there was not an option. Thus, the British Government was forced to look elsewhere.
The gaols became more overcrowded and dilapidated ships were brought into service, the 'hulks' moored in various ports as floating gaols.
Transportation from Britain ended officially in 1868, although it had become unusual several years earlier.
In British colonial India, freedom fighters were transported to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman islands.
In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function.
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Exile can be a form of punishment.[1] It means to be away from one's home (i.e.
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North America is a continent [1] in the Earth's northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west
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)
Women in England mourning their lovers who are soon to be transported to Botany Bay, 1792
Transportation or penal transportation is used to refer to the deporting of convicted criminals to a penal colony, for example by France to Devil's Island and by the United Kingdom (then including Ireland) to its colonies in The Americas, from the 1620s to 1770s, and Australia between 1788 and 1868. It can also be used generally to describe such activities.
Overview
A sentence of transportation could apply for life or for a specific period of time. The penal system required the convicts to work, either on government projects such as road construction, building works and mining, or assigned to free individuals as a source of unpaid labour. Women were expected to work as domestic servants and farm labourers.A convict who had served part of his time might apply for a ticket of leave permitting some prescribed freedoms. This enabled some convicts to resume a more normal life, to marry and raise a family, and a few to contribute to the further development of the colonies. Some used the freedom to revert to their previous ways. But exile was an essential component of the punishment. At one time, returning from transportation was a hanging offence.[1]
)
This notice on a bridge in Dorset warns that damage to the bridge can be punished by transportation.
Transportation punished both major and petty crimes in Great Britain and Ireland from the 17th century until well into the 19th century. At the time it was seen as a more humane alternative to execution, which would most likely have been the sentence handed down to many of those who were transported, if transportation had not been introduced. From the 1620s until the American Revolution the British colonies in North America received transported British criminals, effectively double the period that Australian colonies subsequently received convicts. The American Revolutionary War brought an end to that means of disposal, and with the remaining British colonies in what is now Canada being periously close to the new United States of America sending people who might easily become hostile to British authorities there was not an option. Thus, the British Government was forced to look elsewhere.
The gaols became more overcrowded and dilapidated ships were brought into service, the 'hulks' moored in various ports as floating gaols.
Transportation from Britain ended officially in 1868, although it had become unusual several years earlier.
In British colonial India, freedom fighters were transported to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman islands.
British transportation to Australia
See also
- Banishment
- Deportation
- Devil's Island
- Millbank Prison
- Australian history before 1901
- Convictism in Australia
References
1. ^ R v Powell, Sixth session Proceedings of the Old Bailey 10th July, 1805 t18050710-23, page 401 (Old Bailey 1805-07-10)
- Pardons & Punishments: Judges Reports on Criminals, 1783 to 1830: HO (Home Office) 47 Volumes 304 and 305, List and Index Society, The National Archives, Kew, Surrey, TW9 4DU.
External links
Transport most likely refers to: :
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- Transport, the movement of people and goods from place to place, and related terms such as:
- transport
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Transportation may refer to:
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- Transport, the movement of people or objects.
- Historically, penal transportation, the moving of convicted criminals to penal colonies.
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convict is a person who has been convicted of a crime. Convicts often become prisoners after a conviction. Persons convicted and sentenced to non-custodial sentences usually are not termed "convicts.
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The word crime comes from the Latin crimen (genitive criminis), from the Latin root cernō and Greek κρινω = "I judge". Originally it meant "charge (in law), guilt, accusation.
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A penal colony is a colony used to detain prisoners and generally use them for penal labor in an economically underdeveloped part of the state's (usually colonial) territories, and on a far larger scale than a prison farm. The most well known was Devil's Island in French Guiana.
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Devil's Island (French: Île du Diable or bagne) is the smallest and northernmost island of the three Îles du Salut located off the coast of French Guiana. It has an area of 14 ha (34.6 acres).
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"Dieu et mon droit" [2] (French)
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For other uses, see Sentence.
In law, a sentence forms the final act of a judge-ruled process, and also the symbolic principal act connected to his function.
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A ticket of leave was a document issued to convicts transported from the United Kingdom who had served a period of probation, and had shown by their good behaviour that they could be allowed certain freedoms.
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Freedom
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Philosophical freedom Political freedom Liberty
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Assembly Association Body: clothing, modifying From government Movement Press Religion and beliefs Speech & expression Thought
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By concept
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For other senses of this word, see exile (disambiguation).
Exile can be a form of punishment.[1] It means to be away from one's home (i.e.
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This page is about death by hanging. For other uses, see hang.
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