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Information about Outgroup

For a use of the term in sociology, see Outgroup (sociology).


In cladistics, whenever three or more monophyletic groups of organisms are compared, and all but one of them are more closely related to each other than any single one of them is to the last, the latter group is known as the outgroup. The evolutionary conclusion from this is that the outgroup branched from the parent group before the other two groups branched from each other.

Some examples, with outgroup on the right:
Sociology (from Latin: socitus, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge") is the systematic and scientific study of society and societal behavior.
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In sociology, an outgroup is a social group towards which an individual feels contempt, opposition, or a desire to compete. Members of outgroups may be subject to outgroup homogeneity biases, and generally people tend to privilege ingroup members over outgroup members in many
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Cladistics is a philosophy of classification that arranges organisms only by their order of branching in an evolutionary tree and not by their morphological similarity, in the words of Luria et al. (1981).
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In phylogenetics, a group is monophyletic (Greek: "of one race") if it consists of an inferred common ancestor and all its descendants. A taxonomic group that contains organisms but not their common ancestor is called polyphyletic, and a group that contains some but not all
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Panina

Genus: Pan
Oken, 1816

Type species
Simia troglodytes
Blumenbach, 1775

distribution of Pan spp.

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Gorillini

Genus: Gorilla
I. Geoffroy, 1852

Type species
Troglodytes gorilla
Savage, 1847

distribution of Gorilla


Species


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Eutheria

Orders[1]
  • Bobolestes
  • Eomaia
  • Maelestes
  • Montanalestes
  • Murtoilestes
  • Prokennalestes
  • Placentalia
  • Superorder

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Marsupialia
Illiger, 1811

Orders
  • Didelphimorphia
  • Paucituberculata
  • Microbiotheria
  • Dasyuromorphia
  • Peramelemorphia
  • Notoryctemorphia
  • Diprotodontia
  • Sparassodonta (extinct)
  • Yalkaparidontia (extinct)
Marsupials
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Monotremata
C.L. Bonaparte, 1837

Families

†Kollikodontidae
Ornithorhynchidae
Tachyglossidae
†Steropodontidae
Monotremes (from the Greek monos 'single' + trema
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Tetrapoda
Broili, 1913

Classes
  • Amphibia
  • Aves
  • Mammalia
  • Sauropsida (Reptilia)
  • Synapsida
Tetrapods (Greek tetrapoda, Latin quadruped
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Actinopterygii
Klein, 1885

Subclasses

Chondrostei
Neopterygii
See text for orders.
The Actinopterygii (the plural form of Actinopterygius) comprise the class of the ray-finned fishes.
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Elasmobranchii
Bonaparte, 1838

Superorders

Batoidea (rays and skates)
Selachimorpha (sharks)

Elasmobranchii is the subclass of cartilaginous fish that includes skates, rays (batoidea), and sharks (selachii).
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Chordata
Bateson, 1885

Typical Classes

See below

Chordates (phylum Chordata) are a group of animals that includes the vertebrates, together with several closely related invertebrates.
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Echinodermata
Klein, 1734

Subphyla & Classes
  • Homalozoa Gill & Caster, 1960
Homostelea
Homoiostelea
Stylophora
Ctenocystoidea Robison & Sprinkle, 1969
  • Crinozoa

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Mollusca
Linnaeus, 1758

Classes

Caudofoveata
Aplacophora
Polyplacophora
Monoplacophora
Bivalvia
Scaphopoda
Gastropoda
Cephalopoda
† Rostroconchia
† Helcionelloida
† ?Bellerophontida
The molluscs
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