iPedia Free Information Center

Information about Osteocalcin

bone gamma-carboxyglutamate (gla) protein (osteocalcin)
Identifiers
SymbolBGLAP
Entrez632
HUGO1043
OMIM112260
RefSeqNM_199173
UniProtP02818
Other data
LocusChr. 1 q25-q31
Osteocalcin is a noncollagenous protein found in bone and dentin. It is secreted by osteoblasts and thought to play a role in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis. It has been stipulated that osteocalcin may also function as a negative regulator of bone formation, although its exact role is unknown.

In August 2007, it was reported[1] that osteocalcin acts as a hormone in the body, causing beta cells in the pancreas to release more insulin, and at the same time directing fat cells to release the hormone adiponectin, which increases sensitivity to insulin.

Use as a biochemical marker for bone formation

As osteocalcin is manufactured by osteoblasts, it is often used as a biochemical marker, or biomarker, for the bone formation process. It has been routinely observed that higher serum-osteocalcin levels are relatively well correlated with increases in bone mineral density (BMD) during treatment with anabolic bone formation drugs for osteoporosis, such as Forteo. In many studies, Osteocalcin is used as a preliminary biomarker on the effectiveness of a given drug on bone formation.

References

External links

 •  • [ e]
Carrier protein: calcium-binding proteins
Intracellular calcium-sensing proteinsCalmodulin - Calnexin - Calreticulin - Gelsolin - neuronal (Hippocalcin, Neurocalcin, Recoverin)
OtherAnnexin (A1, A2, A5) - Vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding protein/Calbindin - Calexcitin - Calsequestrin - Osteocalcin - Osteonectin - S-100 - Synaptotagmin - Troponin C
 •  • [ e]
Endocrine system: hormones/endocrine glands (Peptide hormones, Steroid hormones)
Hypothalamic-pituitary Hypothalamus: TRH, CRH , GnRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine - Posterior pituitary: vasopressin, oxytocin - Anterior pituitary: α (FSH, LH, TSH), GH, prolactin, POMC (ACTH, MSH, endorphins, lipotropin)
Adrenal axis Adrenal medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine - Adrenal cortex: aldosterone, cortisol, DHEA
Thyroid axis Thyroid: thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) - calcitonin - Parathyroid: PTH
Gonadal axisTestis: testosterone, AMH, inhibin - Ovary: estradiol, progesterone, inhibin/activin, relaxin (pregnancy)
Other end. glands Pancreas: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin - Pineal gland: melatonin
Non-end. glands Placenta: hCG, HPL, estrogen, progesterone - Kidney: renin, EPO, calcitriol, prostaglandin - Heart atrium: ANP - Stomach: gastrin, ghrelin - Duodenum: CCK, GIP, secretin, motilin, VIP - Ileum: enteroglucagon - Adipose tissue: leptin, adiponectin, resistin - Thymus: Thymosin - Thymopoietin - Liver/other: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1, IGF-2)
Target-derivedNGF, BDNF, NT-3
The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".

Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
..... Click the link for more information.
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland and was founded in 1988.
..... Click the link for more information.
Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
..... Click the link for more information.
locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
..... Click the link for more information.
An osteoblast (from the Greek words for "bone" and "germ" or embryonic) is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation. Osteoblasts produce osteoid, which is composed mainly of Type I collagen.
..... Click the link for more information.
hormone (from Greek όρμή - "to set in motion") is a chemical messenger that carries a signal from one cell (or group of cells) to another. All multicellular organisms produce hormones (including plants - see phytohormone).
..... Click the link for more information.
Beta cells (beta-cells, β-cells) are a type of cell in the pancreas in areas called the islets of Langerhans. They make up 65-80% of the cells in the islets.
..... Click the link for more information.
The pancreas is a gland organ in the digestive and endocrine systems of vertebrates<ref name="New Standard" />. It is both exocrine (secreting pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes) and endocrine (producing several important hormones, including
..... Click the link for more information.
''Note: This article title may be easily confused with inulin.


Insulin is an animal hormone whose presence informs the body's cells that the animal is well fed, causing liver and muscle cells to take in glucose and store it in the form of glycogen, and
..... Click the link for more information.
adipose tissue or fat is loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.
..... Click the link for more information.
Identifiers
Symbol ADIPOR1

Entrez 51094
HUGO 24040
OMIM 607945

RefSeq NM_015999
UniProt Q96A54
Other data

Locus Chr. 1 q32.1

adiponectin receptor 2


..... Click the link for more information.
Teriparatide (Forteo®) is a recombinant form of parathyroid hormone, used in the treatment of advanced osteoporosis. It is manufactured and marketed by Eli Lilly and Company.

Administration

Teriparatide is administered by injection once a day in the thigh or abdomen.
..... Click the link for more information.
Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Its main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, in New York City.
..... Click the link for more information.
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
..... Click the link for more information.
Carrier proteins are proteins that transport a specific substance or group of substances across intracellular compartments or in extracellular fluids (e.g. in the blood) or else across the cell membrane.
..... Click the link for more information.
Calcium-binding proteins are proteins that participate in calcium cell signalling pathways by binding to Ca2+.

The most ubiquitous Ca2+-sensing protein, found in all eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, is calmodulin.
..... Click the link for more information.
Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins are proteins that act in the second messenger system.

Examples include:
  • calmodulin
  • calnexin
  • calreticulin
  • gelsolin


..... Click the link for more information.
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous, calcium-binding protein that can bind to and regulate a multitude of different protein targets, thereby affecting many different cellular functions.
..... Click the link for more information.
Calnexin (CNX) is a 90kDa integral protein of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). It consists of a large (50 kDa) N-terminal calcium-binding lumenal domain, a single transmembrane helix and a short (90 residues), acidic cytoplasmic tail.
..... Click the link for more information.
Calreticulin is a protein that binds Ca2+ ions (a second messenger molecule in signal transduction), rendering it inactive. The Ca2+ is bound with low affinity, but high capacity, and can be released on a signal (see inositol triphosphate).
..... Click the link for more information.
Gelsolin is an actin-binding protein that is a key regulator of actin filament assembly and disassembly. Gelsolin is one of the most potent members of the actin-severing gelsolin/villin superfamily, as it severs with nearly 100% efficiency.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hippocalcin is a calcium-binding protein that belongs to neuronal calcium sensors (NCS) family of proteins. It expressed in mammalian brains especially in the hippocampus. It possesses a Ca2+/myristoyl switch.
..... Click the link for more information.
Neurocalcin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein.

External links

  • MeSH Neurocalcin


..... Click the link for more information.
Recoverin is a neuronal calcium-binding protein.

External links

  • MeSH Recoverin


..... Click the link for more information.
Annexin is a common name for a group of cellular proteins. The annexins are a family of proteins, first described in the 1980s, that bind calcium-dependently to phospholipid membranes. They are found in all kingdoms (animal, plant and fungi) with the exception of the bacteria.
..... Click the link for more information.
Annexin A1 (or Lipocortin I) plays a role in inflammation processes.

The gene for annexin A1 (ANXA1) is upregulated in hairy cell leukemia.

ANXA1 protein expression is specific to hairy cell leukemia.
..... Click the link for more information.
Annexin A2 is a pleiotropic protein, meaning that its function is dependent on place and time in the body.

Annexin A2 has been proposed to function inside the cell in sorting of endosomes and outside the cell in anticoagulant reactions.
..... Click the link for more information.
Annexin A5 is a cellular protein in the Annexin group. The function of the protein is unknown, however annexin A5 has been proposed to play a role in the inhibition of blood coagulation by competing for phosphatidylserine binding sites with prothrombin and also to inhibit the
..... Click the link for more information.
Vitamin D-dependent calcium binding proteins were discovered in the cytosolic fractions of chicken intestine, and later in mammalian intestine and kidney, by workers including Robert Wasserman of Cornell University.
..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus


page counter