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Information about Oral Pathology

Oral pathology, also known in the United States of America as oral and maxillofacial pathology is the specialty of dentistry and pathology which deals with the nature, identification, and management of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial regions. It is a science that investigates the causes, processes and effects of these diseases.

The practice of oral and maxillofacial pathology includes research, diagnosis of diseases using clinical, radiographic, microscopic, biochemical or other examinations, and in many instances the management of patients.

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Oral Pathology: Oral pathology (, )
Developmental AnomaliesAnodontia/Hypodontia - Hyperdontia - abnormalities of size and form of teeth (Concrescence, Fusion, Gemination, Dens evaginatus/Talon cusp, Dens invaginatus, Enamel pearl, Macrodontia, Microdontia, Taurodontism) - disturbances in tooth formation (Dilaceration, Regional odontodysplasia, Turner's hypoplasia) - other hereditary disturbances in tooth structure (Amelogenesis imperfecta, Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Dentin dysplasia)
Hard, Soft and Periapical TissuesAttrition - Abrasion - Ankylosis - Dental caries - Denticles - Erosion - External resorption - Fluorosis - Gingivitis - Hypercementosis - Impaction - Internal resorption - Periodontitis - Pulpitis - Pulp stones - Ulcer
Dentofacial AnomaliesMalocclusion - Micrognathism - Prognathism - Retrognathism - Temporomandibular joint disorder
Maxillomandibular anomaliesOdontogenic keratocyst - Torus mandibularis - Torus palatinus - Cherubism - Ameloblastoma
Salivary glandsDrooling - Benign lymphoepithelial lesion - Frey's syndrome - Mikulicz's disease - Mucus retention cyst - Mumps -
Necrotizing sialometaplasia - Ranula - Sialadenitis - Sialolithiasis - Sjogren's syndrome - Stomatitis - Xerostomia
Lip and Oral mucosaAngular cheilitis - Erythroplakia - Hairy leukoplakia - Leukoplakia
TongueGeographic tongue - Fissured tongue - Glossitis - Glossodynia - Black hairy tongue
Academy of Comprehensive Esthetics http://www.ACEsthetics.com
  • American Academy of Implant Dentistry Advancing the standard of care for comprehensive implant dentistry since 1951.
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    • Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).


    Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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    mouth, also known as the buccal cavity or the oral cavity, is the orifice through which an organism takes in food and water.

    Location

    In all mammals, the mouth is forward-facing in the face. Non-mammals have mouths in other locations (e.g.
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    Pathologist redirects here. For other uses of the terms pathology or pathological, see pathology (disambiguation).


    Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, cells and bodily fluids.
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    anodontia, also called anodontia vera, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the congenital absence of all primary or permanent teeth. It is associated with the group of skin and nerve syndromes called the ectodermal dysplasias.
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    hypodontia is the condition of naturally having fewer than the regular number of teeth. In Caucasians, the most commonly missing teeth are the wisdom teeth (25-35%), the upper lateral incisors (2%) or the lower second premolars (3%) The congenital absence of all teeth is called
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    Hyperdontia is the condition of having supernumerary teeth, or teeth which appear in addition to the regular number of teeth. The most common supernumerary tooth is a mesiodens, which is a mal-formed, peg-like tooth that occurs between the maxillary central incisors.
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    Concrescence is a condition of teeth where the cementum overlying the roots of at least two teeth join together. The cause can sometimes be attributed to trauma or crowding of teeth. Surgical separation of the teeth may be necessary if one is to be extracted.
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    tooth fusion is the joining of two teeth, resulting in a single dental entity. Fusion may involve the entire length of the teeth, or only the roots, depending on the stage of development of the teeth at the time of the union. The root canal can be shared or separate.
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    Gemination is when, during development, a tooth splits to form what appears to be two teeth.

    Gemination is easily confused with fusion, which is the result of two teeth which fuse either partially or entirely during development to form what appears to be a single
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    Dens envaginatus is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface appears to form an extra bump or cusp. Premolars are more likely to be affected than any other tooth. This may be seen more frequently in Asians.

    References

    • Kahn, Michael A.

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    talon cusp, also known as an "eagle's talon", is an extra cusp on an anterior tooth. The term refers to the same condition as dens evaginatus, but the talon cusp is the manifestation of dens evaginatus on anterior teeth.
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    Dens invaginatus, also known as dens in dente, is a condition found in teeth where the outer surface folds inward. There are coronal and radicular forms, with the coronal form being more common.

    References

    • Kahn, Michael A.

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    enamel pearl is a condition of teeth where enamel is found on locations where enamel is not supposed to be, such as on a root surface. They are found usually in the area between roots, which is called a furcation, of molars. Enamel pearls are not common in teeth with a single root.
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    Macrodontia is a condition in which the teeth appear larger than normal. It is commonly associated with gigantism.

    References

    • Kahn, Michael A. Basic Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Volume 1. 2001.

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    Microdontia is a condition in which teeth appear smaller than normal. In the generalized form, all teeth are involved. In the localized form, only a few teeth are involved. The most common teeth affected are the upper lateral incisors and third molars.
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    Taurodontism is a condition found in teeth where the body of the tooth and pulp chamber is enlarged. As a result, the floor of the pulp and the furcation of the tooth is moved apically down the root.
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    Dilaceration is a developmental disturbance in shape of teeth. It refers to an angulation, or a sharp bend or curve, in the root or crown of a formed tooth.

    Description

    The condition is thought to be due to trauma during the period in which tooth is forming.
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    Regional odontodysplasia is a developmental abnormality of teeth, usually localized to a certain area and nonhereditary. The enamel, dentin, and pulp of teeth are affected, and on radiographs the teeth are described as "ghost teeth".

    References

    • Kahn, Michael A.

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    Turner's hypoplasia is an abnormality found in teeth. Its appearance is variable, though usually is manifested as a portion of missing or diminished enamel on permanent teeth.
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    Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a disorder of tooth development. This condition causes teeth to be unusually small, discolored, pitted or grooved, and prone to rapid wear and breakage. Other dental abnormalities are also possible, and the defects vary among affected individuals.
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    Dentinogenesis imperfecta (hereditary Opalescent Dentin) is a genetic disorder of tooth development. This condition causes teeth to be discolored (most often a blue-gray or yellow-brown color) and translucent.
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    Dentin dysplasia is a genetic disorder of teeth, commonly exhibiting an autosomal dominant inheritance. It is characterized by presence of normal enamel but atypical dentin with abnormal pulpal morphology. There are two types.
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    Attrition is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from opposing teeth. Attrition initially affects the enamel and, if unchecked, may proceed to the underlying dentin. Once past the enamel, attrition quickly destroys the softer dentin.
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    Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure by mechanical forces from a foreign element. If this force begins at the cementoenamel junction, then progression of tooth loss can be rapid since enamel is very thin in this region of the tooth.
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    Ankylosis, or Anchylosis (from Greek αγκυλος, bent, crooked) is a stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside
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    Dental caries
    Classification & external resources

    Destruction of a tooth by cervical decay from dental caries
    ICD-10 K 02.
    ICD-9 521.0

    DiseasesDB 29357
    MedlinePlus 001055

    Dental caries
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    Denticles are body surface structures found on some fish and insects.

    Fish

    Denticles or placoid scales are small outgrowths which cover the skin of many cartilaginous fish including sharks.
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    Erosion is the loss of tooth structure due to chemical dissolution by acids not of bacterial origin. Erosion is found initially in the enamel and, if unchecked, may proceed to the underlying dentin.

    The most common cause of erosion is by foods and drinks.
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    External resorption is a condition of a tooth where the root surface is lost. This can be caused by chronic inflammation, cysts, tumors, trauma, reimplantation of a tooth, or sometimes the cause is unknown.
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