Information about Operational Art
Operational warfare is, within warfare and military doctrine, the level of command which coordinates the minute details of tactics with the overarching goals of strategy.
The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the German army prior to and during the Second World War.
With an eye always to rigid formalism, and categorising everything possible, the Soviet's military enshrined the term in their glossary during the war. The term was not widely used in the West before the end of the Cold War, where it was viewed as analogous to the expression "medium term" (rather than short or long term). In part it was popularised by its use in computer games, such as The Operational Art of War (Norm Koger).
What constitutes the operational level has changed with the size and function of armies. During the Second World War and Cold War, an operational-level formation was typically a corps or army. With the increase in combat power of individual units during the cold war and post-Cold War era, the figting power of relatively small formations is today as great as that wielded by a much larger formation in the past. Because of this the brigade of approximately six-thousand men has emerged among some militaries (notably the United States Army) as an operational-level formation.
The tactical forces of the lowest level of operational units perform actual engagement of the enemy and the commanders of these units are responsible for determining how best to perform this task. Tactical decisions such as where entrenchments will be placed on defense and the formations that attacking units will move in are determined at this level. The lowest operational units define the immediate objectives of these tactical units within their zones of command coordinating the offensive and defensive actions of the units as well as planning and applying supporting artillery fire as needed to accomplish those actions. Higher level operational units such as divisions and corps will support the lower level operational units with logistics and medical supplies, and have more extensive artillery and air support assets at their disposal. These supporting fires are concentrated at the higher level in order that their striking power can be used where it is needed most. In addition these forces may order lower level fire support to be applied at particularly important targets, through the technique known as Time on Target.
Toward the end of the Cold War, the United States Army developed the doctrine known as AirLand Battle which formalized U.S. operational doctrine around the concept of mobile warfare. This doctrine sought to create a coherent and integrated practice of all aspects of operational warfare from logistics to maneuver and the use of artillery and air support.
The operational level is at a scale bigger than one where line of sight and the time of day are important, and smaller than the strategic level, where production and politics are considerations. Formations are of the operational level if they are able to conduct operations on their own, and are of sufficient size to be directly handled or have a significant impact at the strategic level. This concept was pioneered by the German army prior to and during the Second World War.
With an eye always to rigid formalism, and categorising everything possible, the Soviet's military enshrined the term in their glossary during the war. The term was not widely used in the West before the end of the Cold War, where it was viewed as analogous to the expression "medium term" (rather than short or long term). In part it was popularised by its use in computer games, such as The Operational Art of War (Norm Koger).
What constitutes the operational level has changed with the size and function of armies. During the Second World War and Cold War, an operational-level formation was typically a corps or army. With the increase in combat power of individual units during the cold war and post-Cold War era, the figting power of relatively small formations is today as great as that wielded by a much larger formation in the past. Because of this the brigade of approximately six-thousand men has emerged among some militaries (notably the United States Army) as an operational-level formation.
Role of operations in battle
Operational warfare functions to implement the overall strategy of an armed force by giving direction to tactical forces and providing them with the support needed to do their job. Operational formations contain sufficient assets to perform most or all military roles. They have logistics, medical, armor, infantry, artillery and often air arms independent from the overall military force and hence are fully capable of independent operation.The tactical forces of the lowest level of operational units perform actual engagement of the enemy and the commanders of these units are responsible for determining how best to perform this task. Tactical decisions such as where entrenchments will be placed on defense and the formations that attacking units will move in are determined at this level. The lowest operational units define the immediate objectives of these tactical units within their zones of command coordinating the offensive and defensive actions of the units as well as planning and applying supporting artillery fire as needed to accomplish those actions. Higher level operational units such as divisions and corps will support the lower level operational units with logistics and medical supplies, and have more extensive artillery and air support assets at their disposal. These supporting fires are concentrated at the higher level in order that their striking power can be used where it is needed most. In addition these forces may order lower level fire support to be applied at particularly important targets, through the technique known as Time on Target.
Toward the end of the Cold War, the United States Army developed the doctrine known as AirLand Battle which formalized U.S. operational doctrine around the concept of mobile warfare. This doctrine sought to create a coherent and integrated practice of all aspects of operational warfare from logistics to maneuver and the use of artillery and air support.
References
- Simpkin, Richard E. Race to the Swift: Thoughts on Twenty-First Century Warfare. Brassey's, 2000.
WAR is a three-letter abbreviation with multiple meanings, as described below:
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- War
- War (band)
- War (film), a 2007 movie starring Jet Li and Jason Statham
- Warrenton Railroad (AAR reporting marks WAR)
- WAR, a Japanese professional wrestling promotion
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Military doctrine is the concise expression of how military forces contribute to campaigns, major operations, battles, and engagements. It is a guide to action, not hard and fast rules. Doctrine provides a common frame of reference across the military.
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Military tactics (Greek: Taktikē, the art of organizing an army) are the collective name for methods for engaging and defeating an enemy in battle. Changes in philosophy and technology over time have been reflected in changes to military tactics.
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A strategy is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal, most often "winning". Strategy is differentiated from tactics or immediate actions with resources at hand by its nature of being extensively premeditated, and often practically rehearsed.
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Anthem
"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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Allied powers:
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (abbreviated USSR, Russian: (help info ) ; tr.
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The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s.
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The Operational Art of War (TOAW) is a series of computer wargames noted for their scope, detail, and flexibility in recreating, at an operational level, the major land battles of the 20th century. A Norm Koger design, Talonsoft published the first of the series in 1998.
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The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies from the mid-1940s until the early 1990s.
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CORPS game system, or Complete Omniversal Role Playing System, is a generic role-playing game system. It was created by Greg Porter in 1998 .
When the game was first published, it was available in game stores and conventions.
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When the game was first published, it was available in game stores and conventions.
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An army (from Latin armata "act of arming" via Old French armée), in the broadest sense, is the land-based armed forces of a nation. It may also include other branches of the military such as an air force.
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brigade is a military unit that is typically composed of two to five regiments or battalions, depending on the era and nationality of a given army. Usually, a brigade is a sub-component of a division, a larger unit consisting of two or more brigades; however, some brigades are
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The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. Like all armies, it has the primary responsibility for land-based military operations.
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division is a large military unit or formation usually consisting of around ten to twenty thousand soldiers. In most armies, a division is composed of several regiments or brigades, and in turn several divisions make up a corps.
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CORPS game system, or Complete Omniversal Role Playing System, is a generic role-playing game system. It was created by Greg Porter in 1998 .
When the game was first published, it was available in game stores and conventions.
..... Click the link for more information.
When the game was first published, it was available in game stores and conventions.
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The United States Army is the largest and oldest branch of the armed forces of the United States. Like all armies, it has the primary responsibility for land-based military operations.
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AirLand Battle was first adopted by the US Army in 1982 as Field Manual 100-5, and drove military doctrine until the late 1990s. The AirLand Battle doctrine describes a combined Air and Land force, with emphasis on inter-service cooperation.
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Richard Evelyn Simpkin (1921–1986) was a British Army officer, attaining the rank of brigadier. He served during the Second World War with the Royal Tank Regiment in North Africa and was taken prisoner at Tobruk in 1942. Simpkin retired from the army in 1971.
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