Information about Nucleoside
| Nitrogenous base | Nucleoside | Deoxynucleoside |
|---|---|---|
) Adenine | ) Adenosine A | ) Deoxyadenosine dA |
) Guanine | ) Chemical structure of guanosine Guanosine G | ) Chemical structure of deoxyguanosine Deoxyguanosine dG |
) Thymine | ) 5-Methyluridine m5U | ) Deoxythymidine dT |
) Uracil | ) Uridine U | ) Deoxyuridine dU |
) Cytosine | ) Cytidine C | ) Deoxycytidine dC |
Nucleosides are glycosylamines made by attaching a nucleobase (often referred to simply as bases) to a ribose or deoxyribose ring. Examples of these include cytidine, uridine, adenosine, guanosine, thymidine and inosine. In short, a nucleoside is a base linked to sugar.
Nucleosides can be phosphorylated by specific kinases in the cell, producing nucleotides, which are the molecular building blocks of DNA and RNA.
Nucleosides are produced as the second step in nucleic acid digestion, whereby nucleotidases break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate. The nucleosides, in turn, are subsequently broken down
- in the lumen of the digestive system by nucleosidases into nitrogenous bases and ribose (or deoxyribose), and
- inside the cell by nucleoside phosphorylases into nitrogenous bases, and ribose-1-phosphate (or deoxyribose-1-phosphate).
Nucleosides differ from nucleotides by having a hydroxyl group attached to carbon number 5 (the one that isn't in the ring) of the ribose, rather than one or more phosphate groups.
See also
For the programming language Adenine, see .
Adenine is a purine with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine
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Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Adenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine
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Adenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine
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Deoxyadenosine is deoxyribonucleotide and is considered a derivative of the nucleoside adenosine, differing from the latter by the replacement of a hydroxyl group (-OH) by hydrogen (-H) at the 2' position of its ribose sugar moiety.
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Guanine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA; the others being adenine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil. With the formula C5H5N5
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Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become GMP (guanosine monophosphate), cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and
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Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become GMP (guanosine monophosphate), cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and
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Deoxyguanosine is a compound and a nucleoside. It is like guanosine, but with one oxygen atom removed at the 2' position of the ribose sugar (making it deoxyribose). If a phosphate group is attached at the 5' position, it becomes Deoxyguanosine monophosphate.
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5-methyluracil a pyrimidine nucleobase. As the name implies, thymine may be derived by methylation of uracil at the 5th carbon. In RNA thymine is replaced with uracil in most cases.
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5-methyluridine (also called ribosylthymine, thymine riboside, and m5u) is a pyrimidine nucleoside.
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Structure and properties
In its composition, 5-methyluridine is ribose (a pentose sugar) joined to a pyrimidine base and is similar to cytidine,..... Click the link for more information.
Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside.
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Uracil is a pyrimidine which is common and naturally occurring.[1] Uracil was originally discovered in 1900. It was isolated by hydrolysis of yeast nuclein that was found in bovine thymus and spleen, herring sperm, and wheat germ.
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Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
If uracil is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxyuridine.
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If uracil is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxyuridine.
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Deoxyuridine is a compound and a nucleoside. It is similar in chemical structure to uridine, but without the 2'-hydroxyl group.
Idoxuridine and Trifluridine are variants of deoxyuridine used as antiviral drugs.
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Idoxuridine and Trifluridine are variants of deoxyuridine used as antiviral drugs.
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Not to be confused with cysteine.
Cytosine is one of the five main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It is a pyrimidine derivative, with a heterocyclic aromatic ring and two substituents attached (an amine group at position 4 and
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Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine.
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If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine.
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Deoxycytidine is a compound and a nucleoside. It is like cytidine, but with one oxygen atom removed.
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Glycosylamine is a biochemical compound consisting of an amine with a β-N-glycosidic bond to a carbohydrate.
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Examples
- Ribofuranosylamine
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Nucleobases are the parts of RNA and DNA that may be involved in pairing (see also base pairs). These include cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine (DNA), uracil (RNA) and xanthine and hypoxanthine (mutated forms of guanine and adenine, respectively).
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Ribose (ɹˈaɪbəʊs [1] , ɹˈaɪbəɹʊs [2] ), primarily seen as D -ribose, is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group in its
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Deoxyribose, also known as D -Deoxyribose and 2-deoxyribose, is an aldopentose — a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group.
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Cytidine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when cytosine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine.
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If cytosine is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxycytidine.
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Uridine is a molecule (known as a nucleoside) that is formed when uracil is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
If uracil is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxyuridine.
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If uracil is attached to a deoxyribose ring, it is known as a deoxyuridine.
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Adenosine is a nucleoside composed of adenine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Adenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine
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Adenosine plays an important role in biochemical processes, such as energy transfer - as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine
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Guanosine is a nucleoside comprising guanine attached to a ribose (ribofuranose) ring via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become GMP (guanosine monophosphate), cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and
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Guanosine can be phosphorylated to become GMP (guanosine monophosphate), cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate), GDP (guanosine diphosphate) and
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Thymidine (more precisely called deoxythymidine; can also be labelled deoxyribosylthymine, and thymine deoxyriboside) is a chemical compound, more precisely a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside.
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Inosine is a nucleoside that is formed when hypoxanthine is attached to a ribose ring (also known as a ribofuranose) via a β-N9-glycosidic bond.
Inosine is commonly found in tRNAs and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base
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Inosine is commonly found in tRNAs and is essential for proper translation of the genetic code in wobble base
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Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate (PO4) group to a protein molecule or a small molecule. Another way to define it would be the introduction of a phosphate group into an organic molecule.
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In chemistry and biochemistry, a kinase, alternatively known as a phosphotransferase, is a type of enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates); the process is termed phosphorylation
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A nucleotide is a chemical compound that consists of 3 portions: a heterocyclic base, a sugar, and one or more phosphate groups. In the most common nucleotides the base is a derivative of purine or pyrimidine, and the sugar is the pentose (five-carbon sugar) deoxyribose or ribose.
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Left: An RNA strand, with its nitrogenous bases. Right: Double-stranded DNA.]] Ribonucleic acid or RNA is a nucleic acid polymer consisting of nucleotide monomers, which plays several important roles in the processes of translating genetic information from
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