Information about Noscapine
Noscapine (also known as Narcotine or Anarcotine) is an alkaloid opioid agonist from plants of the Papaveraceae family, without significant painkilling properties.[1] It is grouped as part of the benzylisoquinolines, of which papaverine is also included. This agent is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects. It has also been shown to have anticancer activity (PDF file).
In stroke patients, noscapine blocks the bradykinine b-2 receptors. A 2003 study in Iran showed a dramatic decrease in mortality in patients treated with noscapine.[4]
Studies are currently underway to assess the effectiveness of this drug in cancer and stroke treatment. Noscapine is non-addictive, widely available, has a low side-effect incidence, and is easily administered orally, thus it has great potential for use, especially in developing countries.
Noscapine has also been used to identify drug users who are taking street heroin at the same time as prescribed diamorphine.[8] Since the diamorphine in street heroin is the same as the pharmaceutical diamorphine, examination of the contaminants is the only way to test whether street heroin has been used. Other contaminants used in urine samples alongside noscapine include papaverine and acetylcodeine. Noscapine is metabolised by the body, and is itself rarely found in urine, instead being present as the primary metabolites, cotarnine and meconine . Detection is usually by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) but can also use a variety of other analytical techniques.
WARNING: Do not take noscapine with any MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), unknown and potentially fatal effects may occur. There are no significant contraindications listed for this drug but caution should be exercised.
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Structure analysis
Naturally it occurs as alpha enantiomer. It can be converted in the beta enantiomer when it is dissolved in alkaline water-ethanol solvutions. The lacton ring is unstable and it opens in basic media. The oposit reaction is presented in acidic media. The bond C1-C3' is unstable also. This is the bond connecting the two optical active carbon atoms. In water solution of sulphuric acid and heating it dissociats into Cortarnin (4-methoxy-6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline) and Opic acid (6-formyl-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid). When Noscapine is reduced with Zn/HCl the bond C1-C3' saturates and the molecule dissociates into Hydrocortarin (2-hydroxycortarin) and Merconine (6,7-dimethoxyisobenzofuran-1(3H)-one).Mechanism of action
Noscapine's antitussive effects appear to be primarily mediated by its sigma receptor agonist activity. Evidence for this mechanism is suggested by experimental evidence in rats. Pretreatment with rimcazole, a sigma specific antagonist, causes a dose-dependent reduction in antitussive activity of noscapine.[2]Cancer and stroke treatment
Noscapine is currently under investigation for use in the treatment of several cancers and hypoxic ischemia in stroke patients. In cancer treatment, noscapine appears to interfere with microtubule function, and thus the division of cancer cells in a way similar to the taxanes. Early studies in treatment of prostate cancer are very promising.[3]In stroke patients, noscapine blocks the bradykinine b-2 receptors. A 2003 study in Iran showed a dramatic decrease in mortality in patients treated with noscapine.[4]
Studies are currently underway to assess the effectiveness of this drug in cancer and stroke treatment. Noscapine is non-addictive, widely available, has a low side-effect incidence, and is easily administered orally, thus it has great potential for use, especially in developing countries.
Noscapine Abuse
Noscapine (Nospen) has a history of Over-the-counter drug abuse in a several countries being readily available from local pharmacies as a prescription drug. The effects, beginning around 45 to 120 mins after consumption, are similar to dextromethorphan and alcohol intoxication. Abuse of noscapine and other cough suppressants (dextromethorphan, codeine, antihistamines, and xylometazoline nasal drops) has been reported to cause chronic cough lasting over one month upon withdrawal.[5] Unlike dextromethorphan, noscapine is not an NMDA receptor antagonist.[6]Noscapine in Heroin
Noscapine can survive the manufacturing processes of heroin and can be found in street heroin. This is useful for law enforcement agencies, as the amounts of contaminants can identify the source of seized drugs. In 2005 in Liege, Belgium, the average noscapine concentration was around 8%.[7]Noscapine has also been used to identify drug users who are taking street heroin at the same time as prescribed diamorphine.[8] Since the diamorphine in street heroin is the same as the pharmaceutical diamorphine, examination of the contaminants is the only way to test whether street heroin has been used. Other contaminants used in urine samples alongside noscapine include papaverine and acetylcodeine. Noscapine is metabolised by the body, and is itself rarely found in urine, instead being present as the primary metabolites, cotarnine and meconine . Detection is usually by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) but can also use a variety of other analytical techniques.
Possible side-effects
- Loss of coordination
- Hallucinations (auditory and visual)
- Loss of sexual drive
- Swelling of prostate
- Loss of appetite
- Dilated pupils
- Increased heart rate
- Shaking and muscle spasms
- Increased alertness
- Loss of any sleepiness
- Loss of stereoscopic vision
WARNING: Do not take noscapine with any MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), unknown and potentially fatal effects may occur. There are no significant contraindications listed for this drug but caution should be exercised.
References
1. ^ UNODC - Bulletin on Narcotics - 1959 Issue 2 - 007. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
2. ^ Kamei J (1996). "Role of opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms in cough and antitussives". Pulmonary pharmacology 9 (5-6): 349-56. PMID 9232674.
3. ^ Noscapine effective against prostate cancer. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
4. ^ A preliminary report on the application of noscapine in the treatment of stroke. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
5. ^ M.S. Bhatia and Lakshi Vaid (2005). Pattern of drug abuse in patients with a psychogenic cough. Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
6. ^ PMID 2673498
7. ^ Denooz R, Dubois N, Charlier C (2005). "[Analysis of two year heroin seizures in the Liege area]" (in French). Revue médicale de Liège 60 (9): 724-8. PMID 16265967.
8. ^ Paterson S, Lintzeris N, Mitchell TB, Cordero R, Nestor L, Strang J (2005). "Validation of techniques to detect illicit heroin use in patients prescribed pharmaceutical heroin for the management of opioid dependence". Addiction 100 (12): 1832-9. DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01225.x. PMID 16367984.
2. ^ Kamei J (1996). "Role of opioidergic and serotonergic mechanisms in cough and antitussives". Pulmonary pharmacology 9 (5-6): 349-56. PMID 9232674.
3. ^ Noscapine effective against prostate cancer. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
4. ^ A preliminary report on the application of noscapine in the treatment of stroke. Retrieved on 2007-07-16.
5. ^ M.S. Bhatia and Lakshi Vaid (2005). Pattern of drug abuse in patients with a psychogenic cough. Retrieved on 2007-05-21.
6. ^ PMID 2673498
7. ^ Denooz R, Dubois N, Charlier C (2005). "[Analysis of two year heroin seizures in the Liege area]" (in French). Revue médicale de Liège 60 (9): 724-8. PMID 16265967.
8. ^ Paterson S, Lintzeris N, Mitchell TB, Cordero R, Nestor L, Strang J (2005). "Validation of techniques to detect illicit heroin use in patients prescribed pharmaceutical heroin for the management of opioid dependence". Addiction 100 (12): 1832-9. DOI:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01225.x. PMID 16367984.
External links
Cough and cold preparations (R05) | |
|---|---|
| Expectorants | Tyloxapol - Potassium iodide - Guaifenesin - Ipecacuanha - Althea root - Senega - Antimony pentasulfide - Creosote - Guaiacolsulfonate - Levoverbenone |
| Mucolytics | Acetylcysteine - Bromhexine - Carbocisteine - Eprazinone - Mesna - Ambroxol - Sobrerol - Domiodol - Letosteine - Stepronin - Tiopronin - Dornase alfa - Neltenexine - Erdosteine |
| Cough suppressants: Opium alkaloids and derivatives | Ethylmorphine - Hydrocodone - Codeine - Normethadone - Noscapine - Pholcodine - Dextromethorphan - Thebacon - Dimemorfan - Acetyldihydrocodeine |
| Other cough suppressants | Benzonatate - Benproperine - Clobutinol - Isoaminile - Pentoxyverine - Oxolamine - Oxeladin - Clofedanol - Pipazetate - Bibenzonium bromide - Butamirate - Fedrilate - Zipeprol - Dibunate - Droxypropine - Prenoxdiazine - Dropropizine - Cloperastine - Meprotixol - Piperidione - Tipepidine - Morclofone - Nepinalone - Levodropropizine - Dimethoxanate |
alkaloid is, strictly speaking, a naturally occurring amine produced by a plant, but amines produced by animals and fungi are also called alkaloids[1]. Many alkaloids have pharmacological effects on humans and other animals.
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An opioid is a chemical substance that has a morphine-like action in the body. The main use is for pain relief. These agents work by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
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agonist is a substance that binds to a specific receptor and triggers a response in the cell. It mimics the action of an endogenous ligand (such as hormone or neurotransmitter) that binds to the same receptor.
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Papaveraceae
Juss.
genera
see text
Papaveraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, and is also known as the "poppy family".
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Juss.
genera
see text
Papaveraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, and is also known as the "poppy family".
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An analgesic (colloquially known as a painkiller) is any member of the diverse group of drugs used to relieve pain (achieve analgesia). The word analgesic derives from Greek an- ("without") and -algia ("pain").
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Papaverine is an opium alkaloid used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasm, vasospasm (especially those involving the heart and the brain), and occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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cough medicine is a medicinal drug used to treat coughing and related conditions. Dry coughs are treated with cough suppressants (antitussives) that suppress the body's urge to cough, while productive coughs (coughs that produce phlegm) are treated with expectorants
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Rimcazole is an antagonist[1] of the sigma receptor.[2] Sigma receptors are thought to be involved in the drug psychosis that can be induced by some drugs such as PCP and cocaine, and rimcazole was originally researched as a potential antipsychotic with a
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In literature, the antagonist is that against which the main character or protagonist contends. [1] An antagonist is often a Villain, but may be a force of nature, set of circumstances, an animal, or other force that is in conflict with the protaganist.
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In medicine, ischemia (Greek ισχαιμία, isch- is restriction, hema or haema is blood) is a restriction in blood supply
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Stroke
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 61. -I 64.
ICD-9 435 - 436
OMIM 601367
DiseasesDB 2247
MedlinePlus 000726pi
eMedicine neuro/9 emerg/558 emerg/557 pmr/187
MeSH D020521
Stroke (or
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 I 61. -I 64.
ICD-9 435 - 436
OMIM 601367
DiseasesDB 2247
MedlinePlus 000726pi
eMedicine neuro/9 emerg/558 emerg/557 pmr/187
MeSH D020521
Stroke (or
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Microtubules are one of the components of the cytoskeleton. They have diameter of ~ 24 nm and length varying from several micrometers to possibly millimeters in axons of nerve cells.
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The taxanes are diterpenes produced by the plants of the genus Taxus (yews). As their name suggests, they were first derived from natural sources, but some have been synthesized artificially. Taxanes include paclitaxel and docetaxel.
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Prostate cancer
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 C 61.
ICD-9 185
OMIM 176807
DiseasesDB 10780
MedlinePlus 000380
eMedicine radio/574 Prostate cancer
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 C 61.
ICD-9 185
OMIM 176807
DiseasesDB 10780
MedlinePlus 000380
eMedicine radio/574 Prostate cancer
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Bradykinin is a physiologically and pharmacologically active peptide of the kinin group of proteins, consisting of nine amino acids.
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Structure
Bradykinin is a 9-amino acid peptide chain...... Click the link for more information.
Side Effect was a soul musical group that recorded between 1972 and 1995. The group formed in Los Angeles in May 1972, when they started out as an all male trio and consisted of Louis Patton, Gregory Matta and leader Augie Johnson.
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Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are medicines that may be sold without a prescription, in contrast to prescription drugs. The name "over-the-counter" is somewhat confusing to some, since these items can be found on the shelves of stores and bought like any other packaged product in
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Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough-suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging from pain relief to psychological applications.
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Drunkenness is the state of being intoxicated by consumption of alcohol to a degree that mental and physical facilities are noticeably impaired. Common symptoms may include slurred speech, impaired balance, poor coordination, flushed face, reddened eyes, reduced inhibition,
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Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is an antitussive (cough-suppressant) drug found in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan has also found other uses in medicine, ranging from pain relief to psychological applications.
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- This article is about the drug. For the band, see Codeine (band).
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This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers.
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Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since September 2007.
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Xylometazoline (Neo-Rinoleina®; Novorin®; Olynth®; Otriven®; Otrivin®; Otrivine®; Xymelin®) is a topical decongestant that is directly dosed into the nose, either as a spray or as drops.
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NMDA receptor antagonists are a class of anesthetics that work to antagonize, or inhibit the action of, the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). They are used as anesthesia for animals and, less commonly, for humans; the state of anesthesia they induce is referred to as
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Heroin (INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.
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Motto
Eendracht maakt macht (Dutch)
L'union fait la force" (French)
Einigkeit macht stark
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Eendracht maakt macht (Dutch)
L'union fait la force" (French)
Einigkeit macht stark
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Heroin (INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.
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Urine is a liquid produced by animals through the kidney, and is collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra.
Urine formation helps to maintain the balance of minerals and other substances in the body.
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Urine formation helps to maintain the balance of minerals and other substances in the body.
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Papaverine is an opium alkaloid used primarily in the treatment of visceral spasm, vasospasm (especially those involving the heart and the brain), and occasionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
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