Information about Neotropics
In biogeography, Neotropic or Neotropical refers to one of the world's eight terrestrial ecozones.
This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.
It is sometimes used as a synonym for the tropical area of South America, although the ecozone also includes temperate southern South America. The Neotropical Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the Antarctic Kingdom.
The Neotropics is delimited by similarities in fauna or flora. Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents 2 to 3 million years ago.
The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest (tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests) than any other ecozone, extending from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil, including the vast Amazon Rainforest. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. Extensive deforestation in the late 20th century has reduced this diversity to a degree.
These rainforests are also home to a diverse array of indigenous peoples, who to varying degrees persist in their autonomous and traditional cultures and subsistence within this environment. The number of these peoples who are as yet relatively untouched by external influences continues to decline significantly, however, along with the near-exponential expansion of urbanization, roads, pastoralism and forest industries which encroach on their customary lands and environment. Nevertheless amidst these declining circumstances this vast "reservoir" of human diversity continues to survive, albeit much depleted. In South America alone some 350-400 indigenous languages and dialects are still living (down from an estimated 1,500 at the time of first European contact), in about 37 distinct language families and a further number of unclassified and isolate languages. Many of these languages and their cultures are also endangered. Accordingly, conservation in the Neotropic zone is a hot political concern, and raises many arguments about development versus indigenous versus ecological rights and access to / ownership of natural resources.
Mammal groups originally unique to the Neotropics include:
Plant species originally unique to the Neotropic include:
South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie
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North America is a continent [1] in the Earth's northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west
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This ecozone includes South and Central America, the Mexican lowlands, the Caribbean islands, and southern Florida, because these regions share a large number of plant and animal groups.
It is sometimes used as a synonym for the tropical area of South America, although the ecozone also includes temperate southern South America. The Neotropical Floristic Kingdom excludes southernmost South America, which instead is placed in the Antarctic Kingdom.
The Neotropics is delimited by similarities in fauna or flora. Its fauna and flora are distinct from the Nearctic (which includes most of North America) because of the long separation of the two continents. The formation of the Isthmus of Panama joined the two continents 2 to 3 million years ago.
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The Neotropic Ecozone
The Neotropic includes more tropical rainforest (tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests) than any other ecozone, extending from southern Mexico through Central America and northern South America to southern Brazil, including the vast Amazon Rainforest. These rainforest ecoregions are one of the most important reserves of biodiversity on Earth. Extensive deforestation in the late 20th century has reduced this diversity to a degree.
These rainforests are also home to a diverse array of indigenous peoples, who to varying degrees persist in their autonomous and traditional cultures and subsistence within this environment. The number of these peoples who are as yet relatively untouched by external influences continues to decline significantly, however, along with the near-exponential expansion of urbanization, roads, pastoralism and forest industries which encroach on their customary lands and environment. Nevertheless amidst these declining circumstances this vast "reservoir" of human diversity continues to survive, albeit much depleted. In South America alone some 350-400 indigenous languages and dialects are still living (down from an estimated 1,500 at the time of first European contact), in about 37 distinct language families and a further number of unclassified and isolate languages. Many of these languages and their cultures are also endangered. Accordingly, conservation in the Neotropic zone is a hot political concern, and raises many arguments about development versus indigenous versus ecological rights and access to / ownership of natural resources.
Major ecological regions
The WWF subdivides the ecozone into bioregions, defined as "geographic clusters of ecoregions that may span several habitat types, but have strong biogeographic affinities, particularly at taxonomic levels higher than the species level (genus, family)."Amazonia
The Amazonia bioregion is mostly covered by tropical moist broadleaf forest, including the vast Amazon rainforest, which stretches from the Andes Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean, and the lowland forests of the Guyanas. The bioregion also includes tropical savanna and tropical dry forest ecoregions.Caribbean
Central America
Central Andes
Eastern South America
Eastern South America includes the Caatinga xeric shrublands of northeastern Brazil, the broad Cerrado grasslands and savannas of the Brazilian Plateau, and the Pantanal and Chaco grasslands. The diverse Atlantic forests of eastern Brazil are separated from the forests of Amazonia by the Caatinga and Cerrado, and are home to a distinct flora and fauna.Northern Andes
Orinoco
Southern South America
The temperate forest ecoregions of southwestern South America, including the temperate rain forests of the Valdivian temperate rain forests and Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregions, and the Juan Fernandez Islands and Desventuradas Islands, are a refuge for the ancient Antarctic flora, which includes trees like the southern beech (Nothofagus), podocarps, the alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), and Araucaria pines like the monkey-puzzle tree (Araucaria araucana). These magnificent rainforests are endangered by extensive logging and their replacement by fast-growing non-native pines and eucalyptus.History
South America was originally part of the supercontinent of Gondwana, which included Africa, Australia, India, New Zealand, and Antarctica, and the Neotropic shares many plant and animal lineages with these other continents, including Marsupial mammals and the Antarctic flora. After the final breakup of the Gondwana, South America drifted north and west, and was later joined with North America by the formation of the Isthmus of Panama, which allowed a biotic exchange between the two continents, the Great American Interchange. South American species like the ancestors of the Virginia Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) and the armadillo moved into North America, and North Americans like the ancestors of South America's camelids, including the llama (Lama glama), moved south. The long-term effect of the exchange was the extinction of many South American species, mostly by outcompetition by northern species.Endemic animals and plants
Animals
Thirty-one bird families are endemic to the Neotropic ecozone, over twice the number of any other ecozone. They include rheas, tinamous, curassows, and toucans. Bird families originally unique to the Neotropics include hummingbirds (family Trochilidae) and wrens (family Troglodytidae).Mammal groups originally unique to the Neotropics include:
- Order Xenarthra: anteaters, sloths, and armadillos
- New World monkeys
- Caviomorpha rodents, including capybaras and guinea pigs, and chinchillas
- American opossums (order Didelphimorphia) and shrew opossums (order Paucituberculata)
- New World Monkeys
- Sloths
- Tinamous
- Hummingbirds
- Toucans
- Ovenbirds
- Antbirds
- Tanagers
- Caimans
- New World Coral Snakes
- Poison Dart Frogs
- Gonyleptidae
Plants
Plant families that originated in the Neotropic include Bromeliaceae, Cannaceae, and Heliconiaceae.Plant species originally unique to the Neotropic include:
- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
- Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
- Cacao tree (Theobroma cacao), source of cocoa and chocolate
- Maize (Zea mays)
Neotropic Terrestrial Ecoregions
| Neotropic Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Araucaria moist forests | Argentina, Brazil |
| Atlantic Coast restingas | Brazil |
| Bahia coastal forests | Brazil |
| Bahia interior forests | Brazil |
| Bolivian Yungas | Bolivia, Peru |
| Caatinga enclaves moist forests | Brazil |
| Caqueta moist forests | Brazil, Colombia |
| Catatumbo moist forests | Venezuela |
| Cauca Valley montane forests | Colombia |
| Cayos Miskitos-San Andrs and Providencia moist forests | Colombia, Nicaragua |
| Central American Atlantic moist forests | Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama |
| Central American montane forests | El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua |
| Chiapas montane forests | Mexico |
| Chimalapas montane forests | Mexico |
| Choc-Darin moist forests | Colombia, Ecuador, Panama |
| Cocos Island moist forests | Costa Rica |
| Cordillera La Costa montane forests | Venezuela |
| Cordillera Oriental montane forests | Colombia, Venezuela |
| Costa Rican seasonal moist forests | Costa Rica, Nicaragua |
| Cuban moist forests | Cuba |
| Eastern Cordillera Real montane forests | Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
| Eastern Panamanian montane forests | Colombia, Panama |
| Fernanda de Noronha-Atol das Rocas moist forests | Brazil |
| Guayanan highlands forests | Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela |
| Guianan moist forests | Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela |
| Gurupa varzea | Brazil |
| Hispaniolan moist forests | Dominican Republic, Haiti |
| Iquitos varzea | Bolivia, Brazil, Peru |
| Isthmian-Atlantic moist forests | Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama |
| Isthmian-Pacific moist forests | Costa Rica, Panama |
| Jamaican moist forests | Jamaica |
| Japur-Solimoes-Negro moist forests | Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela |
| Juru-Purus moist forests | Brazil |
| Leeward Islands moist forests | Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Nevis, Saint Kitts, British Virgin Islands |
| Madeira-Tapajs moist forests | Bolivia, Brazil |
| Magdalena Valley montane forests | Colombia |
| Magdalena-Urab moist forests | Colombia |
| Maraj varzea | Brazil |
| Maranho Babau forests | Brazil |
| Mato Grosso tropical dry forests | Brazil |
| Monte Alegre varzea | Brazil |
| Napo moist forests | Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
| Negro-Branco moist forests | Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela |
| Northeastern Brazil restingas | Brazil |
| Northwestern Andean montane forests | Colombia, Ecuador |
| Oaxacan montane forests | Mexico |
| Orinoco Delta swamp forests | Guyana, Venezuela |
| Pantanos de Centla | Mexico |
| Paramaribo swamp forests | Guyana, Suriname |
| Paran-Paraba interior forests | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay |
| Pernambuco coastal forests | Brazil |
| Pernambuco interior forests | Brazil |
| Peruvian Yungas | Peru |
| Petn-Veracruz moist forests | Mexico |
| Puerto Rican moist forests | Puerto Rico |
| Purus varzea | Brazil |
| Purus-Madeira moist forests | Brazil |
| Rio Negro campinarana | Brazil, Colombia |
| Santa Marta montane forests | Colombia |
| Serra do Mar coastal forests | Brazil |
| Sierra de los Tuxtlas | Mexico |
| Sierra Madre de Chiapas moist forest | El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico |
| Solimes-Japur moist forest | Brazil, Colombia, Peru |
| South Florida rocklands | United States |
| Southern Andean Yungas | Argentina, Bolivia |
| Southwest Amazon moist forests | Bolivia, Brazil, Peru |
| Talamancan montane forests | Costa Rica, Panama |
| Tapajs-Xingu moist forests | Brazil |
| Tepuis | Brazil, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela |
| Tocantins-Araguaia-Maranho moist forests | Brazil |
| Trinidad and Tobago moist forests | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Trindade-Martin Vaz Islands tropical forests | Brazil |
| Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests | Brazil, Guyana, Suriname |
| Ucayali moist forests | Peru |
| Venezuelan Andes montane forests | Colombia, Venezuela |
| Veracruz moist forests | Mexico |
| Veracruz montane forests | Mexico |
| Western Ecuador moist forests | Colombia, Ecuador |
| Windward Islands moist forests | Dominica, Grenada, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Xingu-Tocantins-Araguaia moist forests | Brazil |
| Yucatn moist forests | Belize, Guatemala, Mexico |
| Neotropic Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Apure-Villavicencio dry forests | Venezuela |
| Atlantic dry forests | Brazil |
| Bahamian dry forests | Bahamas |
| Bajo dry forests | Mexico |
| Balsas dry forests | Mexico |
| Bolivian montane dry forests | Mexico |
| Cauca Valley dry forests | Colombia |
| Cayman Islands dry forests | Cayman Islands |
| Central American dry forests | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua |
| Chaco | Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay |
| Chiapas Depression dry forests | Guatemala, Mexico |
| Chiquitano dry forests | Bolivia, Brazil |
| Cuban dry forests | Cuba |
| Ecuadorian dry forests | Ecuador |
| Hispaniolan dry forests | Dominican Republic, Haiti |
| Jalisco dry forests | Mexico |
| Jamaican dry forests | Jamaica |
| Lara-Falcn dry forests | Venezuela |
| Leeward Islands dry forests | Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles |
| Magdalena Valley dry forests | Colombia |
| Maracaibo dry forests | Venezuela |
| Maran dry forests | Peru |
| Panamanian dry forests | Panama |
| Pata Valley dry forests | Colombia |
| Puerto Rican dry forests | Puerto Rico |
| Revillagigedo Islands dry forests | Mexico |
| Sierra de la Laguna dry forests | Mexico |
| Sinaloan dry forests | Mexico |
| Sinu Valley dry forests | Colombia |
| Southern Pacific dry forests | Mexico |
| Trinidad and Tobago dry forests | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Tumbes-Piura dry forests | Colombia, Ecuador, Peru |
| Veracruz dry forests | Mexico |
| Windward Islands dry forests | Grenada, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Yucatn dry forests | Mexico |
| Neotropic Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Bahamanian pine forests | Bahamas |
| Belizian pine forests | Belize |
| Central American pine-oak forests | El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua |
| Cuban pine forests | Cuba |
| Hispaniolan pine forests | Dominican Republic, Haiti |
| Miskito pine forests | Honduras, Nicaragua |
| Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests | Mexico |
| Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests | Mexico |
| Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests | Mexico |
| Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests | Mexico |
| Neotropic Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests | Chile |
| Magellanic subpolar forests | Argentina, Chile |
| Polylepis forests | Bolivia, Peru |
| San Felix-San Ambrosio Islands temperate forests (Desventuradas Islands) | Chile |
| Valdivian temperate rain forests | Argentina, Chile |
| Neotropic Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Beni savanna | Bolivia |
| Campos Rupestres montane savanna | Brazil |
| Cerrado | Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay |
| Clipperton Island shrub and grasslands | Clipperton Island is an overseas territory of France |
| Crdoba montane savanna | Argentina |
| Guyanan savanna | Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela |
| Gran Chaco | Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay |
| Llanos | Colombia, Venezuela |
| Uruguayan savanna | Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay |
| Neotropic Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Argentine Espinal | Argentina |
| Argentine Monte | Argentina |
| Humid Pampas | Argentina |
| Patagonian grasslands | Argentina, Chile |
| Patagonian steppe | Argentina, Chile |
| Semi-arid Pampas | Argentina |
| Neotropic Flooded grasslands and savannas [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Central Mexican wetlands | Mexico |
| Cuban wetlands | Cuba |
| Enriquillo wetlands | Dominican Republic, Haiti |
| Everglades | United States |
| Guayaquil flooded grasslands | Ecuador |
| Orinoco wetlands | Venezuela |
| Pantanal | Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay |
| Paran flooded savanna | Argentina |
| Southern Cone Mesopotamian savanna | Argentina |
| Neotropic Montane grasslands and shrublands [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Central Andean dry puna | Argentina, Bolivia, Chile |
| Central Andean puna | Argentina, Bolivia, Peru |
| Central Andean wet puna | Bolivia, Peru |
| Cordillera Central pramo | Ecuador, Peru |
| Cordillera de Merida pramo | Venezuela |
| Northern Andean pramo | Colombia, Ecuador |
| Santa Marta pramo | Colombia |
| Talamanca Paramo | Costa Rica, Panama |
| Southern Andean steppe | Argentina, Chile |
| Zacatonal | Mexico, Guatemala |
| Neotropic Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrub [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Chilean Matorral | Chile |
| Neotropic Deserts and xeric shrublands [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Araya and Paria xeric scrub | Venezuela |
| Aruba-Curaao-Bonaire cactus scrub | Aruba, Bonaire, Curaao |
| Atacama desert | Chile, Peru |
| Caatinga | Brazil |
| Cayman Islands xeric scrub | Cayman Islands |
| Cuban cactus scrub | Cuba |
| Galpagos Islands xeric scrub | Ecuador |
| Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub | Colombia, Venezuela |
| La Costa xeric shrublands | Venezuela |
| Leeward Islands xeric scrub | Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, British Virgin Islands, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, Saba, US Virgin Islands |
| Malpelo Island xeric scrub | Colombia |
| Motagua Valley thornscrub | Guatemala |
| Paraguana xeric scrub | Venezuela |
| San Lucan xeric scrub | Mexico |
| Sechura desert | Peru |
| Tehuacn Valley matorral | Mexico |
| Windward Islands xeric scrub | Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
| Saint Peter and Saint Paul rocks | Brazil |
| Neotropic Mangrove [ edit ] | |
|---|---|
| Alvarado mangroves | Mexico |
| Amap mangroves | Brazil |
| Bahamian mangroves | Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands |
| Bahia mangroves | Brazil |
| Belizean Coast mangroves | Belize |
| Belizean Reef mangroves | Belize |
| Bocas del Toro-San Bastimentos Island-San Blas mangroves | Costa Rica, Panama |
| Coastal Venezuelan mangroves | Venezuela |
| Esmeraldes-Pacific Colombia mangroves | Colombia, Ecuador |
| Florida mangroves | United States |
| Greater Antilles mangroves | Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico |
| Guianan mangroves | French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela |
| Gulf of Fonseca mangroves | El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua |
| Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves | Ecuador, Peru |
| Gulf of Panama mangroves | Panama |
| Ilha Grande mangroves | Brazil |
| Lesser Antilles mangroves | Lesser Antilles |
| Magdalena-Santa Marta mangroves | Colombia |
| Manab mangroves | Ecuador |
| Maranho mangroves | Brazil |
| Marismas Nacionales-San Blas mangroves | Mexico |
| Mayan Corridor mangroves | Mexico |
| Mexican South Pacific Coast mangroves | Mexico |
| Moist Pacific Coast mangroves | Costa Rica, Panama |
| Mosquitia-Nicaraguan Caribbean Coast mangroves | Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua |
| Northern Dry Pacific Coast mangroves | El Salvador, Guatemala |
| Northern Honduras mangroves | Guatemala, Honduras |
| Par mangroves | Brazil |
| Petenes mangroves | Mexico |
| Piura mangroves | Peru |
| Ra Lagartos mangroves | Mexico |
| Rio Negro-Rio San Sun mangroves | Costa Rica, Nicaragua |
| Rio Piranhas mangroves | Brazil |
| Rio So Francisco mangroves | Brazil |
| Southern Dry Pacific Coast mangroves | Costa Rica, Nicaragua |
| Tehuantepec-El Manchon mangroves | Mexico |
| Trinidad mangroves | Trinidad and Tobago |
| Usumacinta mangroves | Mexico |
| Ecozones |
| Afrotropic Antarctic Australasia Indomalaya Nearctic Neotropic Oceania Palearctic |
External links
- Map of the ecozones
- Eco-Index, a bilingual searchable reference of conservation and research projects in the Neotropics; a service of the Rainforest Alliance
Reference
- Cox, C. Barry; Peter D. Moore (1985). Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach (Fourth Edition). Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
- Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. (1995). A Conservation Assessment of the Terrestrial Ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC.
- Schultz, J.: The Ecozones of the World, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2n ed. 2005. ISBN 3540200142
- Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975). A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper no. 18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of biodiversity over space and time. It aims to reveal where organisms live, at what abundance, and why.[1]
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An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface based on the historic and evolutionary distribution patterns of plants and animals.
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Anthem
Himno Nacional Mexicano
Capital
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Himno Nacional Mexicano
Capital
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Official languages Spanish (
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Caribbean (Dutch: Cariben or Caraïben, or more commonly Antillen; French: Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Spanish: Caribe
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A floristic province is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species. Adjacent floristic provinces do not usually have a sharp boundary, but rather a soft one, a transitional area in which many species from both regions overlap.
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South America is a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea lie
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Fauna is all of the animal life of any particular region or time. The corresponding term for plants is flora.
Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g.
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Zoologists and paleontologists use fauna to refer to a typical collection of animals found in a specific time or place, e.g.
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flora (plural: floras or florae) has two meanings. The first meaning, or flora of an area or of time period, refers to all plant life occurring in an area or time period, especially the naturally occurring or indigenous plant life.
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For the thoroughbred racehorse see Nearctic (horse).
The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface.
The Nearctic ecozone covers most of North America, including Greenland and the highlands of Mexico.
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The Nearctic is one of the eight terrestrial ecozones dividing the Earth's land surface.
The Nearctic ecozone covers most of North America, including Greenland and the highlands of Mexico.
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North America is a continent [1] in the Earth's northern hemisphere and (chiefly) western hemisphere. It is bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the southeast by the Caribbean Sea, and on the south and west
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The Isthmus of Panama, also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien, is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking Central and South America. It was formed some 3 million years ago during the Pliocene epoch.
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Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF), also known as tropical moist forests, are a tropical and subtropical forest biome.
Tropical and subtropical forest regions with lower rainfall are home to tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and
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Tropical and subtropical forest regions with lower rainfall are home to tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests and
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Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía) is a moist broadleaf forest in the Amazon Basin of South America.
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Biodiversity is the variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome or for the entire Earth. Biodiversity is often used as a measure of the health of biological systems.
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EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001. Their greatest hit, their debut single "time after time", peaked at #13 in the Oricon singles chart.
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Deforestation is the conversion of forested areas to non-forest land for use such as arable land, pasture, urban use, logged area, or wasteland.[] Generally, the removal or destruction of significant areas of forest cover has resulted in a degraded environment with
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twentieth century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. Some historians consider the era from about 1914 to 1991 to be the Short Twentieth Century.
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The term indigenous peoples has no universal, standard or fixed definition, but can be used about any ethnic group who inhabit the geographic region with which they have the earliest historical connection.
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Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate,") generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significant importance.
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subsistence techniques:
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- freeganism — involves gathering of discarded food in the context of an urban environment.
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Urbanization or Urbanisation (see difference in spelling) means the removal of the rural characteristics of a town or area, a process associated with the development of civilisation.
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Pastoralism is a form of farming, such as agriculture and horticulture. It is animal husbandry: the care, tending and use of animals such as camels, goats, cattle, yaks, llamas and sheep. It also contains a mobile element, moving the herds in search of fresh pasture and water.
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Forestry is the art, science, and practice of studying and managing forests and plantations, and related natural resources. Silviculture, a related science, involves the growing and tending of trees and forests.
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Indigenous languages of the Americas (or Amerindian Languages) are spoken by indigenous peoples from the southern tip of South America to Alaska and Greenland, encompassing the land masses which constitute the Americas.
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The first known Europeans to reach the Americas are believed to have been the Vikings ("Norse"), who established several colonies in the Americas from the 11th century. One Viking from Iceland, Leif Erikson established a short-lived settlement in Vinland, present day Newfoundland.
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A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language. As with biological families, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics.
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Unclassified languages are languages whose genetic affiliation has not been established, mostly due to lack of reliable data. The question of the genetic affiliation of languages belongs to the domain of historical linguistics.
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A language isolate, in the absolute sense, is a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other living languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common to any other language.
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