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Information about Neocortex

This article is about the region of the brain. For the Crash Bandicoot villain, see Doctor Neo Cortex.
Brain:
NeuroNamesancil-754
MeSH Neocortex
Dorlands/Elsevier n_03/12561071
The neocortex (Latin for "new bark" or "new rind") is a part of the brain of mammals. It is the top layer of the cerebral hemispheres, 2-4 mm thick, and made up of six layers, labelled I to VI (with VI being the innermost and I being the outermost). The neocortex is part of the cerebral cortex (along with the archicortex and paleocortex — which are cortical parts of the limbic system). It is involved in higher functions such as sensory perception, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning, and, in humans: conscious thought, and language. Other names for the neocortex include neopallium ("new mantle") and isocortex ("equal rind").

Anatomy

The neocortex consists of grey matter surrounding the deeper white matter of the cerebrum. Whereas the neocortex is smooth in rats and some other small mammals, it has deep grooves (sulci) and wrinkles (gyri) in primates and several other mammals. These folds increase the surface area of the neocortex considerably. The female neocortex contains approximately 19 billion neurons while the male neocortex has 23 billion. It is unknown what effect, if any, results from this difference.

The structure of the cortex is relatively uniform (hence the names "iso" and "homotypical"): It consists of six horizontal layers segregated by cell type, neuronal input, or cell density. The neurons are arranged in structures called neocortical columns. These are patches of the neocortex with a diameter of about 0.5 mm (and a depth of 2 mm). Each column typically responds to a sensory stimulus representing a certain body part or region of sound or vision. These columns are similar, and can be thought of as the basic repeating functional units of the neocortex. In humans, the neocortex consists of about half-million of these columns, each of which contains approximately 60,000 neurons.

The neocortex is divided into several lobes, and different regions of the neocortex have different functions. (See Cerebral cortex and Cerebrum.)

Evolution

With respect to evolution, the neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex (hence the name "neo"); the other parts of the cerebral cortex are the paleocortex and archicortex, collectively known as the allocortex. The cellular organization of the allocortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neopallium.

The six-layer cortex appears to be a distinguishing feature of mammals: It has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. There is some debate [1][2], however, as to the cross-species nomenclature for neocortex. In avians, for instance, there are clear examples of cognitive processes that are thought to be neocortical in nature, despite the lack of the distinctive six-layer neocortical structure. In a similar manner, reptiles, such as turtles, have primary sensory cortices. A consistent, alternative name has yet to be agreed upon.

See also

References

1. ^ Jarvis ED, Gunturkun O, Bruce L, Csillag A, Karten H, Kuenzel W, Medina L, Paxinos G, Perkel DJ, Shimizu T, Striedter G, Wild JM, Ball GF, Dugas-Ford J, Durand SE, Hough GE, Husband S, Kubikova L, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, Siang C, Smulders TV, Wada K, White SA, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Reiner A, Butler AB (2005). "Avian brains and a new understanding of vertebrate brain evolution". Nat Rev Neurosci 6 (2): 151-9. PMID 15685220. 
2. ^ Reiner A, Perkel DJ, Bruce LL, Butler AB, Csillag A, Kuenzel W, Medina L, Paxinos G, Shimizu T, Striedter G, Wild M, Ball GF, Durand S, Gunturkun O, Lee DW, Mello CV, Powers A, White SA, Hough G, Kubikova L, Smulders TV, Wada K, Dugas-Ford J, Husband S, Yamamoto K, Yu J, Siang C, Jarvis ED (2004). "Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei". J Comp Neurol 473 (3): 377-414. PMID 15116397. 
Doctor Neo Cortex, often shortened to N. Cortex, Doctor Cortex, or just simply Cortex, is a video game character and main antagonist of the Crash Bandicoot series.
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NeuroNames is a system of nomenclature for the human and/or macaque brain.

It is maintained by the University of Washington and is a part of a tool called "BrainInfo". BrainInfo helps one identify structures in the brain.
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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Latin}}} 
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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BARK (Binär Aritmetisk Relä-Kalkylator, Swedish for "Binary Arithmetic Relay Calculator") was completed in February 1950 at a cost of 400.000 Swedish kronor. BARK was a 32-bit machine and could perform addition in 150 ms and multiplication in 250 ms.
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Rind can mean any of the following:
  • In botany, a rind is the thick outer skin of various structures such as fruit, see peel (fruit). The term can refer to skins of other things such as cheese or pork.
  • Rindr, a giantess in Norse mythology.
  • Rind et al.

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In animals, the brain or encephalon (Greek for "in the skull"), is the control center of the central nervous system, responsible for behavior. The brain is located in the head, protected by the skull and close to the primary sensory apparatus of vision, hearing,
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Mammalia
Linnaeus, 1758

Subclasses & Infraclasses
  • Subclass †Allotheria*
  • Subclass Prototheria
  • Subclass Theria

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cerebral hemisphere (hemispherium cerebrale) is defined as one of the two regions of the brain that are delineated by the body's median plane. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres.
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Distances shorter than 1 mm
  • 1.0 mm is equal to
  • 1/1000th of a metre
  • 0.

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cerebral cortex is a structure within the vertebrate brain with distinct structural and functional properties. In non-living, preserved brains, the outermost layers of the cerebrum has a grey color, hence the name "grey matter".
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Archicortex is basically categorized under allocortex. It is any cortex with fewer than six areas, specifically three layered hippocampal cortexes. It is necessary for hippocampus formation.
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The paleocortex is a layer of the cerebral cortex intermediate phylogenetically between the neocortex and archicortex.
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The factual accuracy of this article or section may be compromised due to out-of-date information.
Please see the relevant discussion on the

The limbic system is the part of the human brain involved in emotion, motivation, and emotional association with memory.
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Senses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception.
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Motor cortex is a term that describes regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.

Areas of the motor cortex

The motor cortex can be divided into five main areas:

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Consciousness is a characteristic of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment.
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See Language (journal) for the linguistics journal.


A language is a system of symbols and the rules used to manipulate them. Language can also refer to the use of such systems as a general phenomenon.
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The term mantle could refer to:
  • A mantle is a piece of clothing, similar to a robe but sleeveless and often open in the front, worn as an outer covering.
All other meanings of the word derive from this one.
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White matter is one of the three main solid components of the central nervous system designated by color. The other two are gray matter and substantia nigra.

Structure


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The telencephalon (IPA: /tɛlɛnˈsɛfəlɑn/) is the name for the forebrain, a large region within the brain to which many functions are attributed.
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wild rats. For pet rats, see Fancy rat. For other uses, see Rat (disambiguation).

Rats
Fossil range: Early Pleistocene – Recent

Black Rat (Rattus rattus)


Scientific classification
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A sulcus (pronounced with a hard c) (pl. sulci) is a depression or fissure in the surface of an organ, especially the brain.

Examples of sulci

In the brain

See Sulcus (neuroanatomy)

Elsewhere

  • sulcus arteriæ vertebralis

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gyrus (pl. gyri) is a ridge on the cerebral cortex. It is generally surrounded by one or more sulci.

Notable gyri

  • Fornicate gyrus
  • Superior frontal gyrus
  • Middle frontal gyrus
  • Inferior frontal gyrus
  • Superior temporal gyrus

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Primates
Linnaeus, 1758

Families
  • 15, See classification
A primate is any member of the biological order Primates, the group that contains all the species commonly related to the lemurs, monkeys, and apes, with the last category
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If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
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Neurons (also known as neurones and nerve cells) are electrically excitable cells in the nervous system that process and transmit information. In vertebrate animals, neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
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A cortical column, or hypercolumn, is a group of neurons in the brain cortex which can be successively penetrated by a probe inserted perpendicularly to the cortical surface, and which have nearly identical receptive fields.
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Sound is a disturbance of mechanical energy that propagates through matter as a wave (through fluids as a compression wave, and through solids as both compression and shear waves).
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