Information about Multivitamin
A multivitamin is any preparation containing more than a single vitamin. Tablets and injectable forms (for example Vitaped and Hospira) are available. In common usage, "multivitamin" refers to tablets that contain various vitamins usually along with dietary minerals and, occasionally, herbal extracts.
Orthomolecular medicine proponents generally recommend individually optimized, often higher, vitamin intakes. They recommend more absorbable forms of vitamins and minerals, in inexpensive but higher potency formulas, spread across the day. Often iron-free formulas, sometimes copper-free formulas are preferred.
Multivitamins help bridge the nutritional gaps found in most people's diets. According to an article published in 2002 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Harvard researchers David H. Fletcher, M.D., MSC and Kathleen M. Fairfield, M.D., DrPH reported the following: "Most people do not consume an optimal amount of all vitamins by diet alone. It appears prudent for all adults to take vitamin supplements." [2]
Multivitamins may be dangerous if taken in large amounts, due to the toxicity of certain components, principally iron. In particular, other components at extraordinarily levels in high potency forms include (but are not limited to) vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B6, time release niacin (especially old versions over one hour), and potassium. Total iron content of the whole bottle is the primary concern for child safety. There also are strict limits on the retinol content for vitamin A during pregnancies that are specifically addressed by prenatal formulas. Additionally, various medical conditions and medications may adversely interact with multivitamins.
For normal adults taking a multivitamin for general health purposes, conventional medicine and government authorities recommend that a multivitamin should contain 100% DRI or less for each ingredient. However, many common brand supplements in the US use 100–200% of the DRI for certain vitamins or minerals. Higher potency versions of multivitamins, sometimes labeled as megavitamins, are available in the US. Many brands offer low iron or iron-free versions of their multivitamins.
Recent research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggests that taking multivitamins more than seven times a week can increase the risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer.[3] Some analyses have suggested that beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E supplements may shorten life rather than extend it.
However, some multivitamins contain very high doses of one or several vitamins or minerals and therefore require a prescription in the U.S. Since such drugs contain no new substances, they do not require the same testing as would be required by a New Drug Application, but were allowed on the market as drugs due to the FDA's Drug Efficacy Study Implementation program. See 36 Fed. Reg. 6843 (Apr. 9, 1971).
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+
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Uses
By supplementing the diet with additional vitamins and minerals, multivitamins can be a valuable tool for those with dietary imbalances or different nutritional needs [1]. People with dietary imbalances may include those on restrictive diets and those who can't or won't eat a nutritious diet. Pregnant women and elderly adults have different nutritional needs from other adults, and a multivitamin may be indicated by their physician.Orthomolecular medicine proponents generally recommend individually optimized, often higher, vitamin intakes. They recommend more absorbable forms of vitamins and minerals, in inexpensive but higher potency formulas, spread across the day. Often iron-free formulas, sometimes copper-free formulas are preferred.
Multivitamins help bridge the nutritional gaps found in most people's diets. According to an article published in 2002 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, Harvard researchers David H. Fletcher, M.D., MSC and Kathleen M. Fairfield, M.D., DrPH reported the following: "Most people do not consume an optimal amount of all vitamins by diet alone. It appears prudent for all adults to take vitamin supplements." [2]
Precautions
While multivitamins can be a valuable tool to correct dietary imbalances, it is worth exercising basic caution before taking multivitamins, especially if any medical conditions exist. Pregnant women should generally consult their doctor before taking any multivitamins. Severe vitamin and mineral deficiencies require medical treatment and cannot be treated with common over-the-counter multivitamins. Special vitamin or mineral forms with much higher potency are typically available as individual components, specialized formulations, or available by prescription.Multivitamins may be dangerous if taken in large amounts, due to the toxicity of certain components, principally iron. In particular, other components at extraordinarily levels in high potency forms include (but are not limited to) vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B6, time release niacin (especially old versions over one hour), and potassium. Total iron content of the whole bottle is the primary concern for child safety. There also are strict limits on the retinol content for vitamin A during pregnancies that are specifically addressed by prenatal formulas. Additionally, various medical conditions and medications may adversely interact with multivitamins.
For normal adults taking a multivitamin for general health purposes, conventional medicine and government authorities recommend that a multivitamin should contain 100% DRI or less for each ingredient. However, many common brand supplements in the US use 100–200% of the DRI for certain vitamins or minerals. Higher potency versions of multivitamins, sometimes labeled as megavitamins, are available in the US. Many brands offer low iron or iron-free versions of their multivitamins.
Recent research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggests that taking multivitamins more than seven times a week can increase the risk of advanced and fatal prostate cancer.[3] Some analyses have suggested that beta-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E supplements may shorten life rather than extend it.
Regulations by governmental agencies
The United States of America
Because of their categorization as a dietary supplement by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), most multivitamins sold in the U.S. are not required to undergo the same rigorous testing procedures typical of pharmaceutical drugs.However, some multivitamins contain very high doses of one or several vitamins or minerals and therefore require a prescription in the U.S. Since such drugs contain no new substances, they do not require the same testing as would be required by a New Drug Application, but were allowed on the market as drugs due to the FDA's Drug Efficacy Study Implementation program. See 36 Fed. Reg. 6843 (Apr. 9, 1971).
Multivitamin product components
Many basic commercial products selling multivitamin supplements usually contain the following ingredients: vitamin C, B1, B2, B3, B6, folic acid (B9),B12, B5(pantothenate), H (biotin), A, E, D3, K1, potassium iodide, cupric (sulfate anhydrous, picolinate, sulfate monohydrate, trioxide), selenomethionine, borax, zinc, calcium, magnesium, chromium, manganese, molybdenum, betacarotene, and iron. Other formulas may include additional ingredients such as other carotenes (e.g. lutein, lycopene), higher than RDA amounts of B, C or E vitamins, "near" B vitamins (inositol, choline, PAPA), betaine hydrochloride, lecithin, citrus bioflavinoids or forms variously described as more absorbable.References
1. ^ Dietary supplements: Using vitamin and mineral supplements wisely, Mayo Clinic
2. ^ Fletcher RH & Fairfield KM. (2002) Vitamins for Chronic Disease Prevention in Adults, JAMA 287(23):3127–9
3. ^ Multivitamin prostate warning, BBC News
2. ^ Fletcher RH & Fairfield KM. (2002) Vitamins for Chronic Disease Prevention in Adults, JAMA 287(23):3127–9
3. ^ Multivitamin prostate warning, BBC News
A vitamin is a nutrient that is an organic compound required in tiny amounts for essential metabolic reactions in a living organism.[1] The term vitamin
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Dietary minerals are the chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen which are present in common organic molecules.
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Herbal extract is a liquid solution of herbs and alcohol. The dried or fresh herbs are combined with alcohol, then the solid matter is removed leaving only the oils of the herbs mixed with the alcohol. This process is called extraction, hence the name, herbal extract.
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Orthomolecular medicine and Optimum nutrition are nutritional health and medical approaches that are based upon the premise that many diseases and abnormalities result from varing biochemical and/or chemical needs specific to each individual.
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3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Vitamin A is an essential human nutrient. It exists not as a single compound, but in several forms. In foods of animal origin, the major form of vitamin A is an alcohol (retinol), but can also exist as an aldehyde (retinal), or as an acid (retinoic acid).
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Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or cholecalciferol).[1] The term vitamin D also refers to metabolites and other analogues of these substances.
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Vitamin B6 is a water-soluble vitamin. Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) is the active form and is a cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation.
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- For the band, see Niacin (band).
Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble vitamin whose derivatives such as NADH, NAD, NAD+
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Potassium (IPA: /pə(ʊ)ˈtasiəm/, /pə'tæsiəm/) is a chemical element. It has the symbol K (Arabic: al qalja
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A medication, medicine or drug is any substance or combination of substances administered to human beings or animals to treat or prevent disease; alternatively to assist in medical diagnosis.
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The Dietary Reference Intake is a system of nutrition recommendations from the Institute of Medicine of the USA National Academy (IOM). The DRI system is used by both the United States and Canada. It is intended for the general public and health professionals.
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Prostate cancer
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 C 61.
ICD-9 185
OMIM 176807
DiseasesDB 10780
MedlinePlus 000380
eMedicine radio/574 Prostate cancer
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 C 61.
ICD-9 185
OMIM 176807
DiseasesDB 10780
MedlinePlus 000380
eMedicine radio/574 Prostate cancer
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is responsible the safety regulation of most types of foods, dietary supplements, drugs, vaccines, biological medical products, blood products, medical devices,
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The New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing.
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Drug Efficacy Study Implementation (DESI) was a program begun by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the 1960s after the requirement that all drugs be efficacious as well as safe.
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The Federal Register (March 14, 1936–, abbreviated FR or Fed. Reg.) is a daily (except holidays) publication of the United States Government that contains most routine publications and public notices of government agencies.
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This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
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