Information about Mucopolysaccharides
)
Chondroitin sulfate
)
Hyaluronan
Production
Protein cores made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum are posttranslationally modified by glycosyltransferases in the Golgi apparatus, where GAG disaccharides are added to protein cores; the exception is hyaluronan, which is uniquely synthesized without a protein core and is "spun out" by enzymes at cell surfaces directly into the extracellular space.Structure
This unit consists of an N-acetyl-hexosamine and a hexose or hexuronic acid, either or both of which may be sulfated.The combination of the sulfate group and the carboxylate groups of the uronic acid residues gives them a very high density of negative charge.
Function
This family of carbohydrates is essential or important for the life of vertebrates and an assortment of lower animals.GAGs form an important component of connective tissues. GAG chains may be covalently linked to a protein to form proteoglycans.
Classification
Members of the glycosaminoglycan family vary in the type of hexosamine, hexose or hexuronic acid unit they contain (e.g. glucuronic acid, iduronic acid, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine).They also vary in the geometry of the glycosidic linkage.
Examples of GAGs include:
| Name | Hexuronic acid | Hexosamine | Linkage geometry between monomeric units | Unique features |
| Chondroitin sulphate | Glucuronic acid (GlcUA)* | N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)* | beta (1,3) | Most prevalent GAG |
| Dermatan sulphate | Iduronic acid (IdoUA)* | GalNAc* | beta (1,3) | Distinguished from chondroitin sulfate only by the presence of iduronic acid |
| Keratan sulphate | Galactose (Gal)* | N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc)* | beta (1,3) | Keratan sulfate type II may be fucosylated |
| Heparin | IdoUA* | N-acetylglucosamine* | alpha (1,4) | Highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule |
| Heparan sulphate | GlcUA* or IdoUA* | N-acetylglucosamine* | alpha (1,4) | Highly similar in structure to heparin, however heparan sulfates disaccharide units are organised into distinct sulfated and non-sulfated domains |
| Hyaluronan | GlcUA | N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) | beta (1,3) | The only GAG that is exclusively non-sulfated |
See also
- Mucopolysaccharidosis (lysosomal storage diseases)
- Lipopolysaccharide
External links
- Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans at Lancaster University
- Illustration at scientificpsychic.com
- King M. 2005. Glycosaminoglycans. Indiana University School of Medicine Accessed December 31, 2006.
- MeSH Glycosaminoglycans
Polysaccharides: glycosaminoglycans |
|---|
| Chondroitin sulfate - Dermatan sulfate - Heparin - Heparan sulfate - Hyaluronan - Keratan sulfate |
Polysaccharides are relatively complex carbohydrates. They are polymers made up of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds. They are therefore very large, often branched, macromolecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides.[1]
'Disaccharide' is one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates (monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide).
..... Click the link for more information.
'Disaccharide' is one of the four chemical groupings of carbohydrates (monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharide, and polysaccharide).
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate) is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Connective tissue is one of the four types of tissue in traditional classifications (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue.) It is largely a category of exclusion rather than one with a precise definition, but all or most tissues in this category are similarly:
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Proteoglycans represent a special class of glycoproteins that are heavily glycosylated. They consist of a core protein with one or more covalently attached glycosaminoglycan chain(s).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκερός - "sweet") is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to glucose. However glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
L-Iduronic acid (IdoA) is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulfate and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid.
IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar.
..... Click the link for more information.
IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar.
..... Click the link for more information.
Galactose (Gal) (also called brain sugar[1]) is a type of sugar which is less sweet than glucose and not very water-soluble. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.
Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose.
..... Click the link for more information.
Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose.
..... Click the link for more information.
Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5. This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Glucosamine (C6H13NO5) is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composed of a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Glucuronic acid (from Greek γλυκερός - "sweet") is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to glucose. However glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
N-Acetylgalactosamine (also called GalNAc, 2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose or N-Acetyl-D-galactosamine) is a monosaccharide derivative of galactose.
..... Click the link for more information.
Function
In humans it is the terminal carbohydrate forming the antigen of blood group A...... Click the link for more information.
Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan (formerly called a mucopolysaccharide) found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs.
It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, [1]
..... Click the link for more information.
It is also referred to as chondroitin sulfate B, [1]
..... Click the link for more information.
L-Iduronic acid (IdoA) is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulfate and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid.
IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar.
..... Click the link for more information.
IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar.
..... Click the link for more information.
L-Iduronic acid (IdoA) is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) dermatan sulfate and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid.
IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar.
..... Click the link for more information.
IdoA is a hexapyranose sugar.
..... Click the link for more information.
Keratan sulfate (KS), also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans (structural carbohydrates) that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is a large, highly hydrated molecule which in joints can act as a cushion.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Galactose (Gal) (also called brain sugar[1]) is a type of sugar which is less sweet than glucose and not very water-soluble. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has food energy.
Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose.
..... Click the link for more information.
Galactan is a polymer of the sugar galactose.
..... Click the link for more information.
N-Acetylglucosamine (N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide derivative of glucose. Chemically it is an amide between glucosamine and acetic acid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule.[1]
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
N-Acetylglucosamine (N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide derivative of glucose. Chemically it is an amide between glucosamine and acetic acid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide found in all animal tissues. It occurs as a proteoglycan (PG) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or extracellular matrix proteins.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hyaluronan (also called hyaluronic acid or hyaluronate) is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan distributed widely throughout connective, epithelial, and neural tissues.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
N-Acetylglucosamine (N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine, or GlcNAc, or NAG) is a monosaccharide derivative of glucose. Chemically it is an amide between glucosamine and acetic acid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 76.
ICD-9 277.5
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down molecules
..... Click the link for more information.
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 E 76.
ICD-9 277.5
The mucopolysaccharidoses are a group of inherited metabolic diseases caused by the absence or malfunctioning of lysosomal enzymes needed to break down molecules
..... Click the link for more information.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a large molecule consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide (carbohydrate) joined by a covalent bond.
..... Click the link for more information.
Functions
LPS is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of..... Click the link for more information.
Lancaster University (officially the University of Lancaster) is a collegiate campus university in Lancaster, England. The University is frequently placed in the top 20 UK universities in national league tables and in the top 10 for research, notably with its 6* Management
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
