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Information about Mouthparts

The mouthparts of arthropods have evolved into a number of forms, each adapted to a different style of feeding. They are all developed, however, from the same basic form. Most of the parts used for feeding are modified, paired appendages, the exception being the labrum, which is a single, fused plate (though it was originally - and is embryonically - two structures); it is the front-most of the mouthparts and located on the midline.

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The development of insect mouthparts from the primitive chewing mouthparts of a grasshopper in the centre (A), to the lapping type (B) and the siphoning type (C). Legend: a, antennae; c, compound eye; lb, labium; lr, labrum; md, mandibles; mx, maxillae.

Insects

In insects, the labrum is followed by the mandibles, the maxillae and the labium, which is a single structure evolved out of a pair of appendages like the labrum, but it still bears segmented palpi unlike the labrum. The least modified insect mouthparts are of the chewing type, as found in grasshoppers and most beetles, amongst others. In the order Hemiptera, the mouthparts are specialised for piercing and sucking. They are typified by the mouthparts of an aphid, which pierces plant tissues and sucks up the sap. A further variation is the siphoning mouthparts of butterflies and moths; here, the maxillae form a long proboscis which is coiled at rest, but can be extended to suck nectar from flowers.
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The coiled proboscis (modified maxillae) of a moth

Bees

Bees have "lapping" mouthparts (see (B) on the representation on the right). They are characterised by having proboscis, which is the tube used for feeding on nectar. It is formed by bringing together the two maxillae and the labium. When the proboscis is not in use, it is folded up under the head.

The mandibles are used in handling objects, manipulating pollen and in contact with other bees. Above the mandibles is the mandibular gland which secretes a substance once thought to be used to soften wax. It is now known that the mandibular gland of the queen secretes pheromones responsible for maintenance of the social organization of the colony. The mandibular glands are almost completely reduced in the drone.

Myriapods

Centipedes possess, in addition to their mouthparts, a pair of "poison claws" (maxillipeds), which are not considered mouthparts [1].

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The mouthparts of an edible crab: the third maxillipedes conceal the remaining mouthparts; the claws are not considered mouthparts.

Crustaceans

Crustaceans possess up to three pairs of maxillipeds, as well as two pairs of maxillae and a pair of mandibles.

Arachnids

The mouthparts of arachnids vary in having a pair of pedipalps, which are particularly prominent in the males. These are homologous with the mandibles in insects and crustaceans.

References

1. ^ Rowland Shelley & Paul Marek (2005-03-01). Centipedes: general information. East Carolina University.
Arthropoda
Latreille, 1829

Subphyla and Classes
  • Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
  • Trilobita - trilobites (extinct)
  • Subphylum Chelicerata

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An adaptation is a positive characteristic of an organism that has been favored by natural selection.[1] The concept is central to biology, particularly in evolutionary biology.
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An appendage in the broadest sense is an additional or subsidiary part existing on, or added to, something which can generally still function if the appendage has never existed or is later provided or grown, or will still perform a primary function if the appendage is removed.
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Insecta
Linnaeus, 1758

Orders
Subclass Apterygota
* Archaeognatha (bristletails)
* Thysanura (silverfish)
Subclass Pterygota
* Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic)

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mandibles are a pair of appendages near the insect’s mouth, and the most anterior of the three pairs of oral appendages (the labrum is more anterior, but is a single fused structure).
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maxillae are paired mouthparts located behind the mandibles. While the mandibles are used for biting or cutting food, the maxillae are used for swallowing. Maxillae are found in all arthropods except for Chelicerata and the extinct trilobites, i. e.
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Insecta
Linnaeus, 1758

Orders
Subclass Apterygota
* Archaeognatha (bristletails)
* Thysanura (silverfish)
Subclass Pterygota
* Infraclass Paleoptera (Probably paraphyletic)

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Caelifera

Families

Superfamily: Tridactyloidea
  • Cylindrachaetidae
  • Ripipterygidae
  • Tridactylidae
Superfamily: Tetrigoidea
  • Tetrigidae
Superfamily: Eumastacoidea
  • Chorotypidae

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Hemiptera
Linnaeus, 1758

Suborders [1]

Auchenorrhyncha
Coleorrhyncha
Heteroptera
Sternorrhyncha

Hemiptera is an order of insects, comprising around 80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, shield bugs, and
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Aphidoidea

Families

There are 10 families:
  • Anoeciidae
  • Aphididae
  • Drepanosiphidae
  • Greenideidae
  • Hormaphididae
  • Lachnidae
  • Mindaridae
  • Pemphigidae
  • Phloeomyzidae
  • Thelaxidae


Aphids, also known as
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Rhopalocera

Superfamilies and families
  • Superfamily Hedyloidea:
  • Hedylidae
  • Superfamily Hesperioidea:
  • Hesperiidae

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moth is an insect closely related to the butterfly. Both are of the order Lepidoptera. The division of Lepidopterans into moths and butterflies is a popular taxonomy, not a scientific one.
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proboscis (from Greek pro "before" and boskein "to feed") is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal. The most common usage is to refer to the tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates like insects, worms (including proboscis worms) and
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Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants. It is produced either by the flowers, in which it attracts pollinating animals or by or extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists providing anti-herbivore protection.
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BEE may refer to:
  • Black Economic Empowerment, the policy of post-apartheid affirmative action in South Africa
  • Biblical Education by Extension, a Christian program designed to instruct theology in countries with weak theological infrastructure.

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proboscis (from Greek pro "before" and boskein "to feed") is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal. The most common usage is to refer to the tubular feeding and sucking organ of certain invertebrates like insects, worms (including proboscis worms) and
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Pollen is a fine to coarse powder consisting of microgametophytes (pollen grains), which produce the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants. The pollen grain with its hard coat protects the sperm cells during the process of their movement between the stamens
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BEE may refer to:
  • Black Economic Empowerment, the policy of post-apartheid affirmative action in South Africa
  • Biblical Education by Extension, a Christian program designed to instruct theology in countries with weak theological infrastructure.

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Beeswax is a natural wax produced in the bee hive of honey bees of the genus Apis. Beeswax is produced by young worker bees between 12 and 17 days old in the form of thin scales secreted by glands on the ventral surface of the abdomen.
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pheromone is a chemical that triggers a natural behavioral response in another member of the same species. There are alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.
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Drones are male honey bees. Male honey bees develop when the queen bee lays unfertilized eggs.

Drone genetics

See also:

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Chilopoda
Latreille, 1817

Orders and Families
See text

Centipedes (Class Chilopoda') are fast-moving, venomous, predatory, terrestrial arthropods that have long bodies and many jointed legs.
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Maxillipeds are appendages modified to function as mouthparts. Particularly in the less advanced decapods, these can be very similar to the pereiopods. Pereiopods are primarily walking legs and are also used for gathering food.
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crustaceans (Crustacea) are a large group of arthropods, comprising approximately 52,000 described species [1], and are usually treated as a subphylum [2].
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Maxillipeds are appendages modified to function as mouthparts. Particularly in the less advanced decapods, these can be very similar to the pereiopods. Pereiopods are primarily walking legs and are also used for gathering food.
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Arachnida
Cuvier, 1812

Extant orders

Acarina
Amblypygi
Araneae
Opiliones
Palpigradi
Pseudoscorpionida
Ricinulei
Schizomida
Scorpiones
Solifugae
Uropygi
Arachnids are a class (Arachnida
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Pedipalps, the second pair of appendages of the cephalothorax in Arachnida, is homologous with mandibles in Crustacea, and corresponding to the mandibles of insects. The pedipalps are appendages of six segments: the coxae, a single trochanter, the femur, a short patella, the tibia,
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