iPedia Free Information Center

Information about Monoamine

Monoamine neurotransmitters are neurotransmitters and neuromodulators that contain one amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a two-carbon chain (-CH2-CH2-). All monoamines are derived from aromatic amino acids like phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, and the thyroid hormones by the action of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase enzymes.

Examples

Specific transporter proteins called monoamine transporters exist that transport monoamines in or out of a cell. These are the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT), and the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the outer cell membrane and the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT1 and VMAT2) in the membrane of intracellular vesicles.

Monoamine oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down monoamine neurotransmitters after they have been released into the synapse.

See also

External links

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are used to relay, amplify and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell. According to the prevailing beliefs of the 1960s, a chemical can be classified as a neurotransmitter if it meets the following conditions:

..... Click the link for more information.
A neuromodulator is a substance other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron at a synapse and conveying information to a region of neurons, either enhancing or dampening their activities. In contrast, neurotransmitters only convey information between two neurons.
..... Click the link for more information.
Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
..... Click the link for more information.
amino acid is a molecule that contains both amine and carboxyl functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent.
..... Click the link for more information.
Phe redirects here. For the BitTorrent feature, see PHE. For the constellation, see Phoenix (constellation).


Phenylalanine (abbreviated as Phe or F)[1] is an α-amino acid with the formula HO2
..... Click the link for more information.
Tyrosine (abbreviated as Tyr or Y)[1] or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid and it is found in large quantities in casein.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tryptophan (abbreviated as Trp or W)[1] is an essential amino acid involved in human nutrition. It is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code (as codon UGG).
..... Click the link for more information.
thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. An important component in the synthesis is iodine. The major form of thyroid hormone in the blood is thyroxine (T4).
..... Click the link for more information.
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28 , synonyms: DOPA decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, AAAD) is a lyase enzyme.

Reactions

It catalyzes several different decarboxylation reactions:

..... Click the link for more information.
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) chemical reactions.[1] In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates, and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products.
..... Click the link for more information.
Catecholamines are chemical compounds derived from the amino acid tyrosine containing catechol and amine groups. Some of them are biogenic amines. Catecholamines are water soluble and are 50% bound to plasma proteins, so they circulate in the bloodstream.
..... Click the link for more information.
Dopamine is a hormone and neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals, including both vertebrates and invertebrates. In chemical structure, it is a phenethylamine.
..... Click the link for more information.
Norepinephrine (INN)(abbr. norepi or NE) or noradrenaline (BAN) is a catecholamine and a phenethylamine with chemical formula C8H11NO3. The natural stereoisomer is L -(−)-(R)-norepinephrine.
..... Click the link for more information.
Epinephrine (INN) (IPA: [ˌɛpɪˈnɛfrən]) or adrenaline (European Pharmacopoeia and BAN) (IPA: [əˈdrɛnələn]
..... Click the link for more information.
Melatonin, 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is a hormone found in all living creatures from algae[1] to humans, at levels that vary in a diurnal cycle.

Many biological effects of melatonin are produced through activation of melatonin receptors,[2]
..... Click the link for more information.
Histamine is a biogenic amine involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.[1] New evidence also indicates that histamine plays a role in chemotaxis of white blood cells.
..... Click the link for more information.
Serotonin (pronounced IPA: /ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən/) (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) and
..... Click the link for more information.
Thyronamine refers both to a molecule, and to derivatives of that molecule: a family of decarboxylated and deiodinated metabolites of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3).
..... Click the link for more information.
Trace amines are endogenous compounds structurally related to classical biogenic amines, such as catecholamines, serotonin and histamine. Trace amines include p-tyramine, β-phenylethylamine, tryptamine, octopamine, and 3-iodothyronamine, and are found in the nervous systems of
..... Click the link for more information.
Phenethylamine, or β-Phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. In the human brain, it is believed to function as a neuromodulator or neurotransmitter (trace amine).
..... Click the link for more information.
In organic chemistry tyramine (4-hydroxy-phenethylamine, para-tyramine, p-tyramine) is a monoamine compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine.<ref name="pubchem" />

Occurrence


..... Click the link for more information.
Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived.
..... Click the link for more information.
Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
..... Click the link for more information.
Monoamine transporters, are neurotransmitter transporters that transfer monoamine neurotransmitters in or out of cells.

There are several different monoamine transporters:
  • The dopamine transporter, DAT.
  • The norepinephrine transporter, NET.

..... Click the link for more information.
The dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter, DAT, SLC6A3) is a membrane spanning protein that binds the neurotransmitter dopamine and moves it from the synapse into a neuron.
..... Click the link for more information.
The serotonin transporter is a monoamine transporter protein.

Function

It reuptakes serotonin in synaptic cleft and terminate its function. It allows neurons, platelets, and other cells to accumulate the chemical neurotransmitter serotonin, which affects emotions and
..... Click the link for more information.
The noradrenaline transporter or NAT is a monoamine transporter that transports the neurotransmitter noradrenaline from the synapse back to its vesicles for storage until later use.
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
The vesicular monoamine transporter is a transport protein located within the presynaptic cell. It comprises the two isoforms:
  • VMAT1
  • VMAT2

Further reading

  • Kilbourn MR (1997).

..... Click the link for more information.
VMAT1.

VMAT1 is also responsible for transporting newly synthesized epinephrine from the cytosol back into chromaffin granules in preparation for release.

External links

  • MeSH Vesicular+Monoamine+Transporter+1

..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus


page counter