Information about Modern Times
The term Modern Times is used by historians to loosely describe the period of time immediately following what is known as the Early Modern Times. It is to be distinguished from the term of Modernity.
Modernity on the other hand, describes large-scale developments of society (including literature and philosophy). Modernism describes an art movement. Neither applies to political, social, or series of events since either the fin de siècle or World War I in a strict sense.
The similar terms Modern Period, ~ Age, or ~ Era, are also commonly (and synonymously) used. "Modern Times" and "Early Modern Times" refers to political or religious events like the English, the industrial, the American, and the French revolutions, while Modernity refers to the development of concepts like industrialisation and revolutions in the ways of thinking like individualism, democratic participation and nationalism. Still, both terms might often be used synonymously.
The European Renaissance (about 1420-1630) is an important transition period beginning between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times.
"Postmodernism", coined 1949, on the other hand, would describe rather a movement in art than a period of history, and is usually applied to arts, but not to any events of the very recent history.[7] This changed, when postmodernity was coined to describe the major changes in the 1950s and 1960s in economy, society, culture, and philosophy.
It is important to note that these terms stem from European History; in worldwide usage, such as in China, India and Islam, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discoveries.[8]
Advances in all areas of human activity—politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology and culture—appear to have transformed an Old World into the Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of a Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern.
Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblically-oriented value system, revalued the monarchical government system, and abolished the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics.
Synonyms (in ancient Greek, συν ("syn") = plus and όνομα ("onoma") = name
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- The Early Modern Times lasted from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century[1], circa 1450 (moveable type printing press etc) or 1492 (start of Colonization) to 1750 (Enlightenment) or 1792 (French Revolution).
- Modern Times are the period from Enlightenment and the 18th century until today; the term "Late Modern" is not being used in English, albeit in other languages.[2] The history of this time is the Modern history.
- Modernity, based on Modernism, explores the changes of society due to the industrial age.
- Postmodernity, Postindustrialism are theories to apply the art movement term of postmodernism (below) to social and cultural history, or to refer to the change of the industrial society during the past fifty years when the industry was no longer the most predominant basis of economy and society; the prefix "post-" implies a reaction to modernity and in that sense does not cover all contemporary history.[3]
Modernity on the other hand, describes large-scale developments of society (including literature and philosophy). Modernism describes an art movement. Neither applies to political, social, or series of events since either the fin de siècle or World War I in a strict sense.
Terminology, Periodisation, and Early Modern
These terms are never to be used in strict terms, centuries are the most narrow time frame possible. In the English language, history was not a scientific subject until the Enlightenment (and the American and French Revolutions of that period, 1750-1800), so the "Modern Age" was their present time; that said, the term "modern" was coined shortly before 1585 to describe the beginning of a new era.[4] For that reason, there is no distinction into Early and "Late", as in eg. in German, whose periodisation "Ancient-Medieval-New" was constructed after the millenarianist book on world history by Christoph Cellarius in 1707, and Hegel, who continued the tradition. There, it led to the, literally, "Late Newer" Times (Späte Neuzeit), which is essentially Modern Age.[5] The term "Early Modern" was introduced in the English language during the Enlightenment to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment (1800) (when the term Modern Ages was shaped in our contemporary form), a distinction that originated in the 1930s.[6]The similar terms Modern Period, ~ Age, or ~ Era, are also commonly (and synonymously) used. "Modern Times" and "Early Modern Times" refers to political or religious events like the English, the industrial, the American, and the French revolutions, while Modernity refers to the development of concepts like industrialisation and revolutions in the ways of thinking like individualism, democratic participation and nationalism. Still, both terms might often be used synonymously.
The European Renaissance (about 1420-1630) is an important transition period beginning between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times.
"Postmodernism", coined 1949, on the other hand, would describe rather a movement in art than a period of history, and is usually applied to arts, but not to any events of the very recent history.[7] This changed, when postmodernity was coined to describe the major changes in the 1950s and 1960s in economy, society, culture, and philosophy.
It is important to note that these terms stem from European History; in worldwide usage, such as in China, India and Islam, the terms are applied in a very different way, but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discoveries.[8]
Characteristics
The concept of the modern world is distinct from an ancient or mediaeval world rests on a sense that the modern world is not just another era in history, but rather the result of a new type of change. This is usually conceived of as progress driven by deliberate human efforts to better their situation.Advances in all areas of human activity—politics, industry, society, economics, commerce, transport, communication, mechanization, automation, science, medicine, technology and culture—appear to have transformed an Old World into the Modern or New World. In each case, the identification of a Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old-fashioned from the modern.
Much of the Modern world replaced the Biblically-oriented value system, revalued the monarchical government system, and abolished the feudal economic system, with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics, science, psychology, sociology, and economics.
Events of Modern Times
Some events, though born out of context not entirely new, show a new way of perceiving the world. The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments; Historians analyse the events taking place in Modern Times, ie. since the so-called "Middle Ages" (that take their name from being in the middle between Modern and Ancient Times).Events of Early Modern Times (15th to 18th century)
- Gutenberg's moveable type printing press (1450s): information age and newspapers.
- Discovery of America (1492): Age of Discovery.
- Martin Luther challenges the Church on 31 October 1517 with the 95 Theses: Reformation.
- Fall of the Spanish Armada 8 August 1588 enabled the Rise of the British Empire
- Thirty Years' War 1618-1648 in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%.
- The treaties of the Peace of Westphalia are signed in 1648, which ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states.
- Louis XIV r. 1643-1715, "roi soleil".
- The 1713 Treaty of Utrecht marked the change from Spanish to British naval supremacy.
Events of Modern Times (18th to 21st century)
- For a thorough article on this period, see Modern history.
- Inventions of the Steam Engine (1764) and Spinning Jenny (1769) (one of the peak events influencing Romanticism.
- Rejection of monarchy and absolutism: Declaration of Independence by the British Colonies in America, then USA, 1776, influencing the French Revolution of 1789
- Storm on the Bastille 1789
- Napoleon defeated by the alliance of many nations in the Peoples' Battle of Leipzig 1813
- World War I and the Spanish Influenza
- World War II
- Cold War
See also
References
1. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica
2. ^ see Terminology section
3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Schulze, Introduction to Modern History, Stuttgart 2002
6. ^ New Dictionary of the History of ideas, Volume 5, Detroit 2005. Modernism and Modern
7. ^ [2]
8. ^ [3]
2. ^ see Terminology section
3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Schulze, Introduction to Modern History, Stuttgart 2002
6. ^ New Dictionary of the History of ideas, Volume 5, Detroit 2005. Modernism and Modern
7. ^ [2]
8. ^ [3]
External links
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Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into discrete named blocks. The result is a descriptive abstraction that provides a useful handle on periods of time with relatively stable characteristics.
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The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western Europe and its first colonies which spans the two centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution.
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Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. Since the term "modern" is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context, the industrial age of the 19th century, and its role in sociology, which since its
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The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western Europe and its first colonies which spans the two centuries between the Middle Ages and the Industrial Revolution.
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Modern history describes the history of the Modern Times, the era after the Middle Ages. The concepts and ideas developed since then are part of Modernity. It contains the history of Early modern Europe for the first, and Modern Europe for the second half of these roughly 500 years.
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Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. Since the term "modern" is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context, the industrial age of the 19th century, and its role in sociology, which since its
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Modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movements in art and architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged in the three decades before 1914.
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Industrialisation (also spelt Industrialization) or an Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an
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Postmodernity (also spelled post-modernity or the pejorative postmodern condition) may be used to describe the present social, cultural, and economical state, using the term of the art movement, or cultural movement, of postmodernism and its implication of a
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post-industrial society is a society in which an economic transition has occurred from a manufacturing based economy to a service based economy, a diffusion of national and global capital, and mass privatization.
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An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a base morpheme such as a root or to a stem, to form a word. Affixes may be derivational, like English -ness and pre-, or inflectional, like English plural -s and past tense -ed.
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Contemporary history describes the term of historical events, that are immediately relevant to the present time. That way, it is a certain perspective of modern history. This intentionally loose definition includes major events like the Second World War, but not those like the
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Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. Since the term "modern" is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context, the industrial age of the 19th century, and its role in sociology, which since its
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society is a grouping of individuals which is characterized by common interests and may have distinctive culture and institutions. Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups.
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Literature literally "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter) as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary, or works of art, which in Western culture are mainly prose, both fiction and non-fiction, drama and poetry.
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Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).
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Modernism describes a series of reforming cultural movements in art and architecture, music, literature and the applied arts which emerged in the three decades before 1914.
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Fin de siècle is French for "end of the century," also implying the end of an era.
The English term "turn-of-the-century" is sometimes used as a synonym, but applies to the beginning of the next century, so the nineteenth century fin de siècle is called
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The English term "turn-of-the-century" is sometimes used as a synonym, but applies to the beginning of the next century, so the nineteenth century fin de siècle is called
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Clockwise from top: Trenches on the Western Front; a British Mark IV tank crossing a trench; Royal Navy battleship HMS Irresistible sinking after striking a mine at the Battle of the Dardanelles; a Vickers machine gun crew with gas masks, and German Albatros D.
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Periodization is the attempt to categorize or divide time into discrete named blocks. The result is a descriptive abstraction that provides a useful handle on periods of time with relatively stable characteristics.
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Millenarianism (sometimes spelled millenarism or millennarism) is the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformation of society after which all things will be changed in a positive (or sometimes negative or ambiguous)
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Christoph Cellarius (1634 or 1638 - 1707) was a German classical scholar who held positions in Weimar and Halle. The term Middle Ages (medium aevum) is attributed to him. Cellarius wrote in a textbook fashion.
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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (IPA: [ˈgeɔʁk ˈvɪlhɛlm ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈheːgəl]
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Modernity is a term used to describe the condition of being related to modernism. Since the term "modern" is used to describe a wide range of periods, modernity must be understood in its context, the industrial age of the 19th century, and its role in sociology, which since its
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Industrialisation (also spelt Industrialization) or an Industrial Revolution is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society (an economy where the amount of capital accumulated per capita is low) to an
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Libertarianism
Schools of thought
Agorism
Anarcho-capitalism
Geolibertarianism
Green libertarianism
Right-libertarianism
Left-libertarianism
Minarchism
Neolibertarianism
Paleolibertarianism
Progressive libertarianism
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Schools of thought
Agorism
Anarcho-capitalism
Geolibertarianism
Green libertarianism
Right-libertarianism
Left-libertarianism
Minarchism
Neolibertarianism
Paleolibertarianism
Progressive libertarianism
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Nationalism is a term that refers to a doctrine[1] or political movement[2] that holds that a nation—usually defined in terms of ethnicity or culture—has the right to constitute an independent or autonomous political community based on a shared
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For the taxonomical term, see .
Synonyms (in ancient Greek, συν ("syn") = plus and όνομα ("onoma") = name
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Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea,
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Renaissance (French for "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento; Spanish: Renacimiento), was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
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