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Sakura Kinomoto of Cardcaptor Sakura, a classic example of a magical girl.
Magical girls (魔法少女 mahō shōjo) belong to a sub-genre of Japanese shōjo anime and manga. Magical girl stories feature young girls with superhuman abilities who are forced to fight evil and protect the Earth. They generally possess a secret identity,[1] although it can just refer to young girls who follow a plotline involving magic and a transformation (such as Full Moon wo Sagashite). Magical girls are known in Japan as majokko (魔女っ子 lit. "witch girl"), though this term is generally not used to refer to modern magical girl anime. Sally, the Witch in 1966 is seen as the first magical girl anime.[1]

Magical boys are much rarer, but easily identifiable as they are designed among similar lines such as with D.N.Angel. A magical girl should not be confused with a catgirl or a magical girlfriend. Sometimes, the catgirl and magical girl character types cross over; the magical girl may have cat ears and tail as part of her costume or a catgirl could have some form of magical powers. Examples of these include Tokyo Mew Mew and Hyper Police. A magical girl and a magical girlfriend typically differ in that the magical girlfriend is not the protagonist.

General examples

A general example of a magical girl starts with the magical being, such as a witch or an angel, attempting to function in a mundane world. Examples include: Sally Yumeno of Sally, the Witch, Meg Kanzaki of Majokko Megu-chan, and Misha and Shia of Pita Ten. A second type is a normal girl may also be given power by a magical figure without the baggage of combat. An example is Doremi Harukaze of Ojamajo Doremi . One generic power is for the character to turn into an older version of herself and enjoy some of the freedom from awkward youth, which the audience identifies with. Examples include: Fancy Lala, Creamy Mami, and Akko-chan. A third type is a normal girl given power, or had her own already-existing power awakened, in order to fight malevolent forces such as in Sailor Moon, or with Kisaragi Honey from Cutie Honey. Although they are latecomers to anime and manga compared to the previous two,[2] this has become the archetype definition of a magical girl.

Genre history

The Japanese dub of the American TV series Bewitched was popular among Japanese young girls in the 1960s. This was in the formative years of Japanese animation as a genre, and animators wanted to create a series aimed at young girls; since Bewitched was popular with them, animators decided to make a series about a witch. This witch would not be a witch in the usual Western sense of the word, such as that of the evil witch in Hansel and Gretel, but a witch of the same vein as Bewitcheds Samantha: a witch who looked just like a normal person and used her magic for everyday tasks and the good of others around her. This inspired Mitsuteru Yokoyama — best known in the U.S. as the creator of the manga Gigantor — to create Sally, the Witch.[3]

Common themes and features

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Magical girls generally obtain their powers from some sort of enchanted object such as a pendant, a wand, or a ribbon. By concentrating on this object, in addition to speaking a special phrase or command in some cases, a girl undergoes an intricate transformation sequence and changes to her fully powered form. A major theme of magical-girl stories is learning to harness these powers and develop them fully. Teams of magical girls often learn to combine their powers to perform massive, super-charged attacks. Powers or no powers, though, magical girls are rarely pushovers even in normal form, as they tend to learn ordinary acrobatics, martial arts, or other offensive or defensive actions, to supplement their supernatural talents.

Magical girls are not alone in their adventures. They occasionally receive the help of mysterious, magical boys. These boys sometimes disdain their female counterparts, but other times, they show romantic interest in one of the girls, or vice-versa. Another common theme is some sort of talking animal sidekick with magical powers of its own. These pets rarely participate in combat; instead, they offer advice and help train the girls in the use of their abilities.

Magical girls' powers are usually ill-defined. While it is clear that their powers have a source behind them, the extent and exact nature of their powers are usually not known or left unclear. Thus, it is not uncommon for a magical girl to summon extraordinary new magical powers that she was previously not capable of in the last moments of an epic battle, and which serves as a deus ex machina to resolve the major conflict in a climactic fashion. Therefore, it differs from shōnen in that shōnen tends to specifically state what a hero's powers are and what the extent of those powers can be, whereas magical girl series tend to leave these factors ambiguous, and instead allow her powers to be more free-flowing and open to change based on the situation.

Much of the magical girls' time is spent trying to keep their powers and their normal identities secret. The reasons for this vary, but traditional Japanese ideals of womanhood have little to do with running around fighting evil in usually skimpy outfits. Other times, magical girls may simply be too embarrassed, or sometimes even outright forbidden, to let their friends and family know about their secret powers. However, despite their best attempts to keep their normal and supernatural lives separate, strange events tend to occur to magical girls in normal life with alarming regularity, forcing them to transform and fight.

Magical girl stories tend to be upbeat and cheerful. The characters fight for idealistic causes such as love, peace, hope, and beauty — never for revenge. By forming teams, the heroines learn the values of friendship and co-operation. Even the magical girls' enemies leave them alone most of the time; the girls are the ones who pursue the enemies and attempt to thwart their plans. The genre can be intriguing due to the contrasts and conflicts the magical girls represent, caught up as they are between the childish and mature, or helpless and powerful.

Mahō shōjo in Japan

Until the appearance of Devil Hunter Yohko, the original term mahō shōjo in Japan referred exclusively to girls who did not transform themselves and used magic for acts of mercy and succor rather than heroism against evil; for example, Mako of Mahō no Mako-chan. In fact, there were magical girl series such as Himitsu no Akko-chan and Fushigi na Merumo in which the heroines were given the power to transform themselves into whatever they wished, not for the sake of fighting evil, but for the sake of adventure. However, the term is generally used in the west to refer only to evil-fighting magical girls. The series Sally, the Witch andMagical Princess Gigi are hardly known in the United States although they are popular works of magical girl series in Japan.

An example of a series that transcended these two cases was Akazukin Chacha, which was a Japanese mahō shōjo manga that portrayed adventures of the protagonist Chacha and her friends. When it was adapted to anime, Chacha became a "Magical Princess" in order to battle with villains. Another is Majokko Megu-chan (Toei, 1974-75), in which the heroine, Megu, uses her magic not only to fight villains but also in dealing with everyday situations (such as in teaching her younger brother to swim).

List of magical girl anime and manga

One of the best-known examples of magical girl in the west are the Sailor Scouts of Sailor Moon, although that series also incorporated sentai elements (a team of warriors rather than one) that helped redefine the magical girl concept.[2][4] Cardcaptor Sakura, meanwhile, is closer to the original concept.

References

1. ^ Patrick Drazen, Anime Explosion!: The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation, p 123, ISBN 1-880656-72-8
2. ^ Ross, Christina. Sailor Moon]]. THEM Anime Reviews 4.0. Retrieved on 2007-02-16.
3. ^ Boren, James (September 2003). "The Making of a Magical Girl". Animerica 11' (9): 31. Retrieved on 2007-01-26.Animerica&rft.date=September%202003&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=9&rft.aulast=Boren&rft.aufirst=James&rft.pages=31"> 
4. ^ McCarter, Charles. Public Interview with Takeuchi Naoko (Q & A Interview). EX:CLUSIVE. www.ex.org. Retrieved on 2006-11-30.
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Full Moon o Sagashite (満月をさがして
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Hyper Police (はいぱーぽりす
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Sally, the Witch, also known as Magical Witch Sally (魔法使いサリー
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Ojamajo Doremi (おジャ魔女どれみ Ojamajo Doremi
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Magical Angel Creamy Mami (魔法の天使クリィミーマミ
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Himitsu no Akko-chan (ひみつのアッコちゃん
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Sailor Moon (美少女戦士セーラームーン
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Cutie Honey (キューティーハニー
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Bewitched is an American situation comedy starring Elizabeth Montgomery, Dick York (1964-1969), and Dick Sargent (1969-1972). The series was originally broadcast on ABC from 1964 to 1972. It continues to be seen throughout the world in syndication.
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Hansel and Gretel (German: Hänsel und Gretel) is a fairy tale of Germanic origin, adapted by the Brothers Grimm and earlier by Giambattista Basile.
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Gigantor (originally Tetsujin-nijūhachi-gō 鉄人28号, literally "Iron Man #28") was a manga by Mitsuteru Yokoyama published in 1958 which was later made into several anime series, the first in 1963.
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Sally, the Witch, also known as Magical Witch Sally (魔法使いサリー
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Henshin ( henshin)
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