Liquid Nitrogen

Information about Liquid Nitrogen

A tank of liquid nitrogen, used to supply a cryogenic freezer (for storing laboratory samples at a temperature of about -150 Celsius).

Liquid nitrogen may be used to prepare "home-made" ice cream, as these students are doing.

Liquid nitrogen (liquid density at the triple point is 0.807 g/mL) is the liquid produced industrially in large quantities by fractional distillation of liquid air and is often referred to by the abbreviation, LN₂. It is pure nitrogen, in a liquid state.

Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic fluid which is potentially capable of causing instant frostbite on contact with living tissue. When appropriately insulated from ambient heat, liquid nitrogen can be stored and transported without significant evaporative losses.

Applications

Liquid nitrogen is a compact and readily transported source of nitrogen gas without pressurization. Further, its ability to maintain temperatures far below the freezing point of water (it boils at 77 K, −196 °C, −320 °F) makes it extremely useful in a wide range of applications, primarily as an open-cycle refrigerant, including:

in the study of cryogenics
the immersion freezing and transportation of food products
the cryopreservation of blood, reproductive cells (sperm and egg), and other biological samples and materials
the cryonic preservation of humans and pets in the hope of future reanimation.
as a coolant for highly sensitive sensors and low-noise amplifiers
as a cooling supplement for overclocking a central processing unit, a graphics processing unit, or another type of computer hardware
as a cooling medium during machining of high strength materials.
as a method of freezing water pipes in order to work on them in situations where a tap is not available to block water flow to the work area.

In dermatology, liquid nitrogen is used for removing unsightly or potentially malignant skin lesions such as warts and actinic keratosis. It is also used in the process of promession, a way to dispose of the dead. Liquid nitrogen may be used as the working fluid in a binary engine.

Safety

Since the liquid to gas expansion ratio of this substance is 1:694,^[1] a tremendous amount of force can be generated when liquid nitrogen boils off for whatever reasons. In a well-known accident in 2006 at Texas A&M University, the pressure-relief devices of a tank of liquid nitrogen were sealed with brass plugs. As a result, the tank failed catastrophically, and exploded. The force of the explosion was sufficient to propel the tank through the floor/ceiling immediately above it.^[2]

References

1. ^ Information Specific to Liquid Nitrogen. Harvard University (30 Jul 03).
2. ^ Brent S. Mattox. Investigative Report on Chemistry 301A Cylinder Explosion (reprint). Texas A&M University.

In physics and chemistry, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance may coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.

For example, the triple point temperature of mercury is at −38.
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Fractional distillation is the separation of a mixture into its component parts, or fractions, such as in separating chemical compounds by their boiling point by heating them to a temperature at which several fractions of the compound will evaporate.
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For the substance, see Liquid air

Liquid Air was the brand name of an unusual automobile produced by a joint American/English concern between 1899 and 1902.
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3, 5, 4, 2
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 3.04 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1402.3 kJmol⁻¹
2nd: 2856 kJmol⁻¹
3rd: 4578.1 kJmol⁻¹

Atomic radius 65 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperatures (below –150 °C, –238 °F or 123 K) and the behavior of materials at those temperatures. (Rather than the familiar temperature scales of Fahrenheit and Celsius, cryogenicists use the Kelvin and Rankine
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Frostbite
Classification & external resources

Hands, feet, noses, and ears are most likely to be affected by frostbite
ICD-10 T 33. -T 35.
ICD-9 991.0 - 991.
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thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer.

Heat is transferred from one material to another by conduction, convection and/or radiation.
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If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
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Freezing point can refer to several things:

For the chemistry term, see Melting point.
For the news journal in the People's Republic of China, see Freezing Point.
For the 1966 Japanese film, see Freezing Point (1966 film).

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The kelvin (symbol: K) is a unit increment of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale where absolute zero — the coldest possible temperature — is zero kelvins
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Celsius is, or relates to, the Celsius temperature scale (previously known as the centigrade scale). The degree Celsius (symbol: °C) can refer to a specific temperature on the Celsius scale
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Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the German-Dutch physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who proposed it in 1724.

In this scale, the melting point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (written “32 °F”), and the boiling point is
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A refrigerant is a compound used in a heat cycle that undergoes a phase change from a gas to a liquid and back. The two main uses of refrigerants are refrigerators/freezers and air conditioners. Cf. coolant.
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Food is any substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal or human being for nutrition or pleasure.
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Cryopreservation is a process where cells or whole tissues are preserved by cooling to low sub-zero temperatures, such as (typically) 77 K or −196 °C (the boiling point of liquid nitrogen).
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Blood is a specialized biological fluid consisting of red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes) suspended in a complex fluid medium known as blood plasma.
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sperm is derived from the word spermos (meaning "seed") and refers to the male reproductive cells. Sperm cells are the smaller gametes involved in fertilization.
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ovum (plural ova) is a haploid female reproductive cell or gamete. The word is derived from Latin, meaning egg or egg cell. Both animals and embryophytes have ova. The term ovule
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Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, "life"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), also referred to as the biological sciences, is the scientific study of life.
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Cryonics is the low temperature preservation of humans and other animals that can no longer be sustained by contemporary medicine until resuscitation may be possible in the future. Human cryopreservation is not currently reversible.
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A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it.
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sensor is a type of transducer. Direct-indicating sensors, for example, a mercury thermometer, are human-readable. Other sensors, such as a thermocouple, only produce an output voltage or other electrical output which must be interpreted by another device (such as a computer).
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amplifier is any device that will use a small amount of energy and convert it to a larger amount of energy. In popular use, the term today usually refers to an electronic amplifier, often as in audio applications.
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Overclocking is the process of forcing a computer component to run at a higher clock rate than it was designed for or was designated by the manufacturer.

Overclocking is usually practiced by PC enthusiasts in order to increase the performance of their computers.
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central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data.
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graphics processing unit or GPU (also occasionally called visual processing unit or VPU) is a dedicated graphics rendering device for a personal computer, workstation, or game console.
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Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including the digital circuitry, as distinguished from the computer software that executes within the hardware. The hardware of a computer is infrequently changed, in comparison with software and data, which are "soft" in the
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Dermatology (from Greek δερμα, "skin") is a branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its appendages (hair, sweat glands, etc).

Scope of the field

Dermatologists
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MeSH D012878 Skin cancer is a malignant growth on the skin which can have many causes. Skin cancer generally develops in the epidermis (the outermost layer of skin), so a tumor is usually clearly visible. This makes most skin cancers detectable in the early stages.
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