Information about Lip
| Lip | |
|---|---|
| A pair of a woman's lips. | |
) | |
| Head and neck. | |
| Latin | labia oris |
| Artery | inferior labial, superior labial |
| Vein | inferior labial, superior labial |
| Nerve | frontal, infraorbital |
| Dorlands/Elsevier | l_01/12473861 |
Lips are a visible organ at the mouth of humans and many animals. Both lips are soft, protruding, movable, and serve primarily for food intake, as a tactile sensory organ, and in articulation of speech.
Anatomical basics of the human lip
One differentiates between the Upper (Labium superioris) and lower lip (Labium inferioris). The lower lip is usually somewhat larger. The border between the lips and the surrounding skin is referred to as the vermilion border, or simply the vermilion. The vertical groove on the upper lip is known as the philtrum. The entire skin between the upper lip and the nose is referred to as the "ergotrid".The skin of the lip, with three to five cellular layers, is very thin compared to typical face skin, having up to 16 layers. With light skin color, the lip skin contains no melanocyte (pigment cells, which give skin its color). Because of this, the blood vessels appear through the skin of the lips, which leads to their notable red coloring. With darker skin color this effect is less prominent, as in this case the skin of the lips contains more melanin and thus is visually thicker.
The lip skin is not hairy and does not have sweat glands or sebaceous glands. Therefore, it does not have the usual protection layer of sweat and body oils which keep the skin smooth, kill pathogens, and regulate warmth. For these reasons, the lips dry out faster and become chapped more easily.
Anatomy in detail
The skin of the lips is stratified squamous epithelium. The mucous membrane is represented by a large area in the sensory cortex and is therefore highly sensitive. The Frenulum Labii Inferioris is the frenulum of the lower lip. The Frenulum Labii Superioris is the frenulum of the upper lip.Sensory nerve supply
- Trigeminal nerve
- The infraorbital nerve is a branch of the maxillary branch. It supplies not only the upper lip, but much of the skin of the face between the upper lip and the lower eyelid, except for the bridge of the nose.
- The mental nerve is a branch of the mandibular branch ( via the inferior alveolar nerve). It supplies the skin and mucous membrane of the lower lip and labial gingiva (gum) anteriorly.
Blood supply
The facial artery is one of the six non-terminal branches of the external carotid artery. It supplies the lips by its superior and inferior labial branches, each of which bifurcate and anastomose with their companion artery from the other side.Muscles acting on the lips
The muscles acting on the lips are considered part of the muscles of facial expression. All muscles of facial expression are derived from the mesoderm of the second pharyngeal arch, and are therefore supplied (motor supply) by the nerve of the second pharyngeal arch, the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve). The muscles of facial expression are all specialised members of the paniculus carnosus, which attach to the dermis and so wrinkle or dimple the overlying skin. Functionally, the muscles of facial expression are arranged in groups around the orbits, nose and mouth.The muscles acting on the lips:
- sphincters of the oral orifice
- buccinator
- orbicularis oris
- anchor point for several muscles
- modiolus
- lip elevation
- levator labii superioris
- levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
- levator anguli oris
- zygomaticus minor
- zygomaticus major
- lip depression
- risorius
- depressor anguli oris
- depressor labii inferioris
- mentalis
Functions of the lips
Food intake
Because they have their own muscles and bordering muscles, the lips are very movable. Lips are used for eating functions, like holding food or to get it in the mouth. In addition, lips serve to close the mouth airtight shut, and to hold food and drink inside, and to keep out unwanted objects. Through making a narrow funnel with the lips, the suction of the mouth is increased. This suction is essential for babies to breast feed.Tactile organ
The lip has many nerve endings and reacts as part of the tactile (touch) senses. Lips are very sensitive to touch, warmth, and cold. It is therefore an important aide for exploring unknown objects for babies and toddlers.Articulation
The lips serve for creating different sounds - mainly the labial, bilabial and labiodental consonant sounds - and thus create an important part of the speech apparatus. The lips enable whistling and the performing of wind instruments like the trumpet, clarinet, and flute.Facial expressions
See Full Article: facial expression. The lips visibly express emotions.Erogenous zone
Because of its high amounts of nerve endings, the lips make an erogenous zone. Lips play a crucial role in kissing and other acts of intimacy.Lips are a visible expression of fertility. It has been shown that the more estrogen a woman has the fuller her lips and that full lips are considered attractive.([1]Indeed lipstick "tricks" men into thinking that a women has more estrogen than she actually has and thus finding her more attractive.[2]
Symbolic meaning
Lips are often viewed as a symbol for sensuality. This has many origins; above all that they are very sensitive as a tactile organ and feel pleasantly soft. It has been suggested that female lips are seen as sexually attractive because they mimic the appearance and sexual swelling of the labia of the vulva, and that the lips are therefore a secondary sex characteristic. [3] Additionally, they are a part of the mouth and so are associated with its symbolic connections (see for example oral stage of the psychology according to Sigmund Freud).Changes to the lip
- One of the most frequent changes of the lips is a blue coloring due to cyanosis; the blood contains less oxygen and thus has a dark red to blue color, which shows through the thin skin. Cyanosis is the reason why corpses always have blue lips. In cold weather cyanosis can appear, so especially in the winter blue lips may not be an uncommon sight.
- Lips can (temporarily) swell. The reasons for this are varied and can be from sexual stimulation, injuries and side effects of medications or misallignment of teeth.
- Cracks or splits in the angles of the lips could be the result of an inflammation of the lips, Angular cheilitis.
Diseases
As an organ of the body, the lip can be a focus of disease or show symptoms of a disease:- Lip herpes (technically Herpes labialis, a form of herpes simplex) is a viral infection which appears in the formation of painful blisters at the lip.
- Carcinoma at the lips is caused predominantly by using tobacco and overexposure of sunlight. To a lesser extent, it could also come from lack of oral hygiene or poor fitting dentures. Alcohol appears to increase the carcinoma risk of tobacco use.
- Infections from lip rings.
Literature
Scientific Sources:- Nozomi Tomiyama, DDS; Toshimichi Ichida, DDS, PhD; Kazunori Yamaguchi, DDS, PhD: Electromyographic Activity of Lower Lip Muscles When Chewing with the Lips in Contact and Apart. The Angle Orthodontist, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 31–36. February 2003
- Marcus Bisson, BMed Sci, BM, BS, MRCS; Adriaan Grobbelaar, MBChB, MMed(Plast), FCS(SA), FRCS(Plast): The Aesthetic Properties of Lips: A Comparison of Models and Nonmodels. The Angle Orthodontist, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 162–166. June 2003
- McMinn, RMH (Ed) (1994) Last's Anatomy: Regional and applied (9th Ed). London: Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 0-443-04662-X
References
See also
Additional images
The labial coronary arteries, etc. |
External links
General anatomy of head and neck - head | |
|---|---|
| Face/Occiput | Forehead • Eye • Ear • Temple • Cheek • Chin |
| External nose | Nostril • Nasal septum • Cartilages (Accessory nasal, of the septum, Greater alar, Lateral nasal, Lesser alar, Vomeronasal) • Olfactory glands |
| Nasal cavity | Choana • Turbinate • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Ethmoid bulla • Hiatus semilunaris • Ostium maxillare • Inferior meatus • Vomeronasal organ • Paranasal sinus |
| Mouth/oral cavity | Lip • Philtrum • Jaw • Pterygomandibular raphe |
| Teeth | Permanent (Incisor, Canine, Premolar, Molar) • Deciduous |
| Tongue | Plica fimbriata • Median sulcus • Foramen cecum • Terminal sulcus • Frenulum linguae • Anterior tongue • Posterior tongue |
| Palate/roof of mouth | Hard palate • Soft palate • Palatine raphe • Incisive papilla • Uvula • Pharyngeal recess • Arches: (Palatoglossal • Palatopharyngeal) |
| Salivary glands | (Parotid • Sublingual • Submandibular) • Ducts: Submandibular • Parotid |
| fascia | Masseteric fascia • Temporal fascia • Galea aponeurotica • Scalp |
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A woman is a female human. The term woman (irregular plural: women
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Latin}}}
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Arteries are muscular blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.[1] All arteries, with the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, carry oxygenated blood.
The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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The circulatory system is extremely important for sustaining life.
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The Iinferior labial artery (inferior labial branch of facial artery) arises near the angle of the mouth; it passes upward and forward beneath the Triangularis and, penetrating the Orbicularis oris, runs in a tortuous course along the edge of the lower lip between this
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The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more tortuous than the inferior labial artery.
It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses
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It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the Orbicularis oris, and anastomoses
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vein is a blood vessel that carries blood toward the heart. The majority of veins in the body carry low-oxygen blood from the tissues back to the heart; the exceptions being the pulmonary and umbilical veins which both carry oxygenated blood.
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The inferior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the lower lip.
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External links
- Inferior+labial+vein at eMedicine Dictionary
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The superior labial vein is the vein receiving blood from the upper lip.
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External links
- Superior+labial+vein at eMedicine Dictionary
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A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (the long, slender projection of a neuron). Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells, though this term is technically imprecise since many neurons do not form nerves, and nerves also include the glial cells that
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The frontal nerve is the largest branch of the ophthalmic, and may be regarded, both from its size and direction, as the continuation of the nerve.
It enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the
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It enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, and runs forward between the Levator palpebræ superioris and the
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infraorbital nerve. This nerve innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, and part of the vestibule and exits the infraorbital foramen of the maxilla.
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See also
- infraorbital artery
- external nasal nerve
Additional images
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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The philtrum (Greek philtron, from philein, "to love; to kiss"), also known as the infranasal depression, is the vertical groove in the upper lip, formed where the nasomedial and maxillary processes meet during embryonic development.
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Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer (the stratum basale) of the skin's epidermis and in the middle layer of the eye (the uvea).
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Melanogenesis
Through a process called melanogenesis..... Click the link for more information.
pigment is a material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light.
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The blood vessels are part of the cardiovascular system and function to transport blood throughout the body. The most important types, arteries and veins, carry blood away from or towards the heart, respectively.
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In humans, there are four kinds of sudoriferous or sweat glands which differ greatly in both the composition of the sweat and its purpose.
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- eccrine glands - sweat (normal sweat used in temperature control)
- apocrine glands - sweat,fats,proteins (slightly more viscous sweat)
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The sebaceous glands are glands found in the skin of mammals.
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Locations and morphology
A branched type of acinar gland, these glands exist in humans throughout the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet...... Click the link for more information.
Skin layers: epidermis, dermis, and subcutis, showing a hair follicle, sweat gland & sebaceous gland.]] In zootomy and dermatology, skin is the largest organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of epithelial tissues that guard underlying muscles and organs.
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squamous epithelium (from Latin squama, "scale") is an epithelium characterised by its most superficial layer consisting of flat, scale-like cells called squamous cells.
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Somatic sensation consists of the various sensory receptors that trigger the experiences labelled as touch or pressure, temperature (warm or cold), pain (including itch and tickle), and the sensations of muscle movement and joint position including posture, movement, and facial
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- Frenula redirects here. For the brachiopod genus, see Frenula (brachiopod)
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The trigeminal nerve (the fifth cranial nerve, also called the fifth nerve or simply V) is responsible for sensation in the face. It is similar to the spinal nerves C2–S5, which are responsible for sensation in the rest of the body.
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infraorbital nerve. This nerve innervates the lower eyelid, upper lip, and part of the vestibule and exits the infraorbital foramen of the maxilla.
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See also
- infraorbital artery
- external nasal nerve
Additional images
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Maxillary is something related to the maxilla bone. It may be:
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- Maxillary artery
- Maxillary nerve
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nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the mouth.
In most humans, it also houses the nosehairs, which catch airborne particles and prevent them from reaching the lungs.
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In most humans, it also houses the nosehairs, which catch airborne particles and prevent them from reaching the lungs.
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The mental nerve is a general somatic afferent (sensory) nerve which provides sensation to the anterior aspects of the chin and lower lip as well as the buccal gingivae of the mandibular anterior teeth and the premolars.
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mandible (from Latin mandibūla, "jawbone") or inferior maxillary bone is, together with the maxilla, the largest and strongest bone of the face . It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place.
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The inferior alveolar nerve (sometimes called the inferior dental nerve) is a branch of the mandibular nerve, which is itself the third branch (V3) of the fifth cranial nerve, the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).
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The gingiva (sing. and plur.: gingiva), or gums, consists of the mucosal tissue that lays over the alveolar bone.
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General Description
Gingiva are part of the soft tissue lining of the mouth. They surround the teeth and provide a seal around them...... Click the link for more information.
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