Information about Lily
For the song, see .
“Lily” redirects here. For other uses, see Lily (disambiguation).
“Lilies” redirects here. For other uses, see Lilies (disambiguation).
| Lilium | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
) Lilium michiganense (Michigan lilies) Lilium michiganense (Michigan lilies) | ||||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||
| Species | ||||||||||||
| See text | ||||||||||||
The genus Lilium are herbaceous flowering plants normally growing from bulbs, comprising a genus of about 110 species in the lily family, Liliaceae. They are important as large showy flowering garden plants, and in literature. Some of the bulbs have been consumed by people. The species in this genus are the true lilies, while other plants with lily in the common name are related to other groups of plants.
Range
Lilies are native to the northern temperate regions. Their range in the Old World extends across much of Europe, the north Mediterranean, across most of Asia to Japan, south to the Nilgiri mountains in India, and south to the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States.They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and a single one is known to live as an epiphyte (L. arboricola). In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Botany
Lilies are usually erect leafy stemmed herbs. The majority of species form naked or tunic-less scaly underground bulbs from which they overwinter. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. A few species form bulbs at or near the soil surface .Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb.
The large flowers have three petals along with three petal-like sepals, often fragrant, and come in a range of colours ranging through whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds, purples, bronze and even nearly black. Markings include spots, brush strokes and picotees.
The plants are summer flowering. Most species are deciduous, but Lilium candidum bears a basal rosette of leaves for much of the year. Flowers are formed at the top of a single erect stem, with leaves being borne at intervals up the stem.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These include Cardiocrinum and Nomocharis.
Taxonomy
[1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]Section Martagon
| Lilium distichum | ||
| Lilium hansonii | ||
) | Lilium martagon | Martagon or Turk's cap lily |
| Lilium medeoloides | ||
| Lilium tsingtauense | ||
| Lilium debile |
Section Pseudolirium
| Lilium bolanderi | ||
) | Lilium columbianum | Columbia Lily or Tiger Lily |
) | Lilium humboldtii | Humboldt's lily |
| Lilium kelloggii | ||
| Lilium rubescens | ||
) | Lilium washingtonianum | Washington Lily, Shasta Lily, or Mt. Hood Lily |
| Lilium kelleyanum | ||
| Lilium maritimum | ||
| Lilium occidentale | ||
) | Lilium pardalinum | Panther or Leopard lily |
| Lilium parryi | ||
) | Lilium parvum | Sierra tiger lily or Alpine lily |
) | Lilium canadense | Canada Lily or Meadow Lily |
| Lilium puberulum | ||
| Lilium grayi | ||
| Lilium iridollae | ||
) | Lilium michiganense | Michigan Lily |
) | Lilium michauxii | Carolina Lily |
| Lilium pyrophilum | ||
) | Lilium superbum | Swamp lily or American tiger lily |
| Lilium catesbaei | ||
| Lilium philadelphicum | Wood lily, Philadelphia lily or prairie lily |
Section Liriotypus
) | Lilium bulbiferum | Orange Lily or Fire Lily |
) | Lilium candidum | Madonna lily |
| Lilium chalcedonicum | ||
| Lilium kesselringianum | ||
| Lilium ledebourii | ||
| Lilium szovitsianum | ||
| Lilium monadelphum | ||
| Lilium pyrenaicum | ||
| Lilium rhodopeum | ||
) | Lilium akkusianum | |
| Lilium carniolicum | ||
| Lilium ciliatum | ||
) | Lilium pomponium | Turban lily |
| Lilium ponticum | ||
| Lilium jankae | ||
| Lilium albanicum | ||
| Lilium polyphyllum |
Section Archelirion
) | Lilium auratum | Golden rayed lily of Japan, or Goldband lily |
| Lilium platyphyllum | ||
| Lilium brownii | ||
| Lilium japonicum | ||
| Lilium nobilissimum | ||
| Lilium rubellum | ||
) | Lilium speciosum | Japanese lily |
Section Sinomartagon
| Lilium davidii | ||
) | Lilium duchartrei | |
| Lilium henryi | Tiger Lily or Henry's lily | |
) | Lilium lancifolium | Tiger Lily |
| Lilium lankongense | ||
| Lilium leichtlinii | ||
| Lilium papilliferum | ||
| Lilium rosthornii | ||
| Lilium amabile | ||
| Lilium callosum | ||
| Lilium cernuum | ||
| Lilium concolor | ||
| Lilium fargesii | ||
| Lilium pumilum | ||
| Lilium xanthellum | ||
| Lilium amoenum | ||
| Lilium bakerianum | ||
| Lilium henrici | ||
| Lilium lijiangense | ||
) | Lilium lophophorum | |
) | Lilium mackliniae | Siroi Lily |
| Lilium nanum | ||
.jpg')) | Lilium nepalense | |
| Lilium oxypetalum | ||
| Lilium paradoxum | ||
| Lilium primulinum | ||
| Lilium sempervivoideum | ||
| Lilium sherriffiae | ||
| Lilium souliei | ||
| Lilium stewartianum | ||
| Lilium taliense | ||
) | Lilium wardii | |
| Lilium arboricola | ||
| Lilium anhuiense | ||
| Lilium brevistylum | ||
) | Lilium habaense | |
| Lilium huidongense | ||
| Lilium jinfushanense | ||
| Lilium matangense | ||
| Lilium pinifolium | ||
| Lilium pyi | ||
| Lilium saccatum | ||
| Lilium tianschanicum | ||
| Lilium poilanei | ||
| Lilium floridum | ||
| Lilium medogense |
Section Leucolirion
| Lilium leucanthum | ||
| Lilium puerense | ||
) | Lilium regale | |
| Lilium sargentiae | ||
| Lilium sulphureum | ||
| Lilium formosanum | ||
) | Lilium longiflorum | Easter Lily or November Lily |
| Lilium philippinense | ||
| Lilium wallichianum | ||
| Lilium wenshanense |
Section Daurolirion
| Lilium pensylvanicum | |
| Lilium maculatum |
Uses
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate and sub-tropical regions. Sometimes they may also be grown as potted plants. A large number of ornamental hybrids have been developed. They can be used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as a patio plant.Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, as well as a few other hybrids, form important cut flower crops. These tend to be forced for particular markets; for instance, L. longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilium bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, although bulbs of some species may be very bitter. The non-bitter bulbs of L. lancifolium, L. pumilum, and especially L. brownii (called in Chinese) are grown at large scale in China as a luxury or health food, most often sold in dry form. They are eaten especially in the summer, for their ability to reduce internal heat. They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparison with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
Although they are believed to be safe for humans to eat, there are reports of nephrotoxicosis (kidney failure) in cats which have eaten some species of Lilium and Hemerocallis [1].
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including The Dun-bar.
Classification of garden forms
)
Asiatic hybrid flower
- Species (Division IX). All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
- Asiatic hybrids (Division I). These are plants with medium sized, upright or outward facing flowers, mostly unscented. They are derived from central and East Asian species.
- Martagon hybrids (Division II). These are based on L. martagon and L. hansonii. The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
- Candidum hybrids (Division III). This includes hybrids of L. candidum with several other mostly European species.
- American hybrids (Division IV). These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from L. pardalinum. Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
- Longiflorum hybrids (Division V). These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
- Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids. This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species, including L. regale and L. aurelianse. The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
- Oriental hybrids (Division VII). These are based on hybrids of L. auratum and L. speciosum, together with crossbreeds from several mainland Asiatic species. They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. An example is Lilium "Stargazer".
- Other hybrids (Division VIII). Includes all other garden hybrids.
Propagation and growth
Liliums can be propagated in several ways;- by division of the bulbs,
- by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem,
- by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb,
- by seed; seed germination patterns are variable and can be complex.
Names
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek leirion, which is generally assumed to be the Madonna lily. [2]References
1. ^ Taxonomical division in sections follows: Harold Comber, 1949. "A new classification of the genus Lilium." Lily Yearbook, Royal Hortic. Soc., London. 15:86-105.
2. ^ Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
3. ^ Taxonomy of Section Pseudolirium from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
4. ^ Taxonomy of Section Liriotypus in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences, in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
5. ^ Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
6. ^ Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
7. ^ Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
2. ^ Taxonomy basically from: Govaerts, R. (2006). World Checklist of Liliaceae. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.kew.org/wcsp/ accessed 15 September 2006; 20:36 GMT
3. ^ Taxonomy of Section Pseudolirium from: Flora of North America, Vol. 26, Online
4. ^ Taxonomy of Section Liriotypus in consideration of: I. Resetnik, Z. Liber, Z. Satovic, P. Cigic, T. Nikolic: Molecular phylogeny and systematics of the Lilium carniolicum group (Liliaceae) based on nuclear ITS sequences, in: Plant Systematics and Evolution, 265: 45–58 (2007)
5. ^ Taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections): Flora of China, Vol. 24, Online
6. ^ Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Arakawa Katsuro, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Analysis of Section Sinomartagon in Genus Lilium Using Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Region in Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.51, No.1, pp. 39-46
7. ^ Taxonomy of Section Archelirion in consideration of: Nishikawa Tomotaro, Okazaki Keiichi, Nagamine Tsukasa: Phylogenetic Relationships among Lilium auratum Lindley, L. auratum var. platyphyllum Baker and L. rubellum Baker Based on Three Spacer Regions in Chloroplast DNA, in: 育種学雑誌 Breeding science, Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207-213
See also
Lily Seed Germination typesRHS Lily Group Seed Exchange [3]]
External links
- Flora Europaea: Lilium
- Flora of China: Lilium
- Flora of Nepal: Lilium species list
- Flora of North America: Lilium
- Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries Lilium
- de Florum: Lilium species
- North American Lily Society
- Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tb4UFJ_zd_o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBzFX7kiYrA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQNPHFi5HCw Time-lapse videos
Gallery
Orange Lily showing stamens with pollen-covered anthers. Ontario, Canada. June 2002. | ) Pollen of Lilium auratum (Oriental Lily) Back-scattered electron microscope image |
Lily is the common English name for plants of the genus Lilium.
The term "lily", together with a modifier, is also applied to a large number of other plants, which have flowers that may resemble true lilies to a greater or lesser extent.
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The term "lily", together with a modifier, is also applied to a large number of other plants, which have flowers that may resemble true lilies to a greater or lesser extent.
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Lilies is the plural form of lily.
Lilies may also refer to:
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Lilies may also refer to:
- Lilies (film), a 1996 Canadian film by John Greyson
- Lilies (BBC TV series), a BBC television series
- Lilys, an indie rock band
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions
Green algae
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Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions
Green algae
- Chlorophyta
- Charophyta
- Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)
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Magnoliophyta
Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Monocotyledones
orders
about 10; see text
Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, dicotyledons or dicots being the other.
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orders
about 10; see text
Monocotyledons or monocots are one of two major groups of flowering plants (angiosperms) that are traditionally recognized, dicotyledons or dicots being the other.
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Liliales
Perleb
Families
See text
Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription
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Perleb
Families
See text
Liliales is an order of monocotyledonous flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription
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Liliaceae
Genera
Calochortus
Cardiocrinum
Clintonia
Erythronium
Fritillaria
Gagea
Korolkowia
Lilium
Lloydia
Maianthemum
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Genera
Calochortus
Cardiocrinum
Clintonia
Erythronium
Fritillaria
Gagea
Korolkowia
Lilium
Lloydia
Maianthemum
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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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genus (plural: genera) is part of the Latinized name for an organism. It is a name which reflects the classification of the organism by grouping it with other closely similar organisms.
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A herbaceous plant is a plant that has leaves and stems that die at the end of the growing season to the soil level. A herbaceous plant may be annual, biennial or perennial.
Herbaceous perennial plants have stems that die at the end of the growing season.
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Herbaceous perennial plants have stems that die at the end of the growing season.
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A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that are used as food storage organs by a dormant plant.
A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse
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A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse
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species is one of the basic units of biological classification. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
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Liliaceae
Genera
Calochortus
Cardiocrinum
Clintonia
Erythronium
Fritillaria
Gagea
Korolkowia
Lilium
Lloydia
Maianthemum
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Genera
Calochortus
Cardiocrinum
Clintonia
Erythronium
Fritillaria
Gagea
Korolkowia
Lilium
Lloydia
Maianthemum
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The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans, Asians, and Africans in the 15th century before the voyages of Christopher Columbus; it includes Europe, Asia, and Africa (collectively known as Africa-Eurasia), plus surrounding islands.
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Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of the Earth. Physically and geologically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, west of Asia. Europe is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea,
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Mediterranean is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers an approximate area of 2.
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Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.4% of its land area) and, with almost 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population.
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Nilgiri, which literally means "Blue Mountain" in various Indo-Aryan languages, can refer to:
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- Nilgiris (mountains), a range of mountains panning across the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in Southern India
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an identifiable
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epiphyte is an organism that grows upon or attached to a living plant. The term most commonly refers to higher plants, but epiphytic bacteria, fungi (epiphytic fungi), algae, lichens, mosses, and ferns exist as well.
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A bulb is an underground vertical shoot that has modified leaves (or thickened leaf bases) that are used as food storage organs by a dormant plant.
A bulb's leaf bases generally do not support leaves, but contain food reserves to enable the plant to survive adverse
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rhizome is a horizontal stem of a plant that is usually found underground and often sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Good examples of plants with underground rhizomes include medicinally important ginger and turmeric and the economically damaging weeds Johnson grass,
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Stolons are horizontal stems which grow at the soil surface or below ground, they form new plants at the ends or at the nodes. Stolons are often called runners. Imprecisely they are above ground stems that run atop or just under the ground, more specifically, a stolon is a
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