Information about Lemon
This article is about the fruit. For other uses, see Lemon (disambiguation)
The lemon (Citrus × limon) is a hybrid in cultivated wild plants. It is the common name for the reproductive tissue surrounding the seed of the angiosperm lemon tree. The lemon is used for culinary and non culinary uses throughout the world.The fruit is used primarily for its juice, though the pulp and rind (zest) are also used, primarily in cooking and baking. Lemon juice is about 5% acid, which gives lemons a tart taste, and a pH of 2 to 3. This makes lemon juice an inexpensive, readily available acid for use in educational science experiments.
In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding Vitamin C to their diets through lemon juice. [5]
Lemons are used to make lemonade, and as a garnish for drinks. Iced tea, soft drinks and water are often served with a wedge or slice of lemon in the glass or on the rim.
The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons of juice. Allowing lemons to come to room temperature before squeezing (or heating briefly in a microwave) makes the juice easier to extract. Lemons left unrefrigerated for long periods of time are susceptible to mold.
Fish are marinated in lemon juice to neutralize the odor. The acid neutralizes the amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts.
Lemon juice, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is used to marinate meat before cooking: the acid provided by the juice partially hydrolyzes the tough collagen fibers in the meat (tenderizing the meat), though the juice does not have any antibiotic effects.
Lemons, alone or with oranges, are used to make marmalade. The grated rind of the lemon, called lemon zest, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes. Spicy pickled lemons are a Moroccan Jewish delicacy. A liqueur called limoncello is made from lemons.
When lemon juice is sprinkled on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados, it acts as a short-term preservative.
Lemons and other citrus fruits contain vitamins and minerals that are beneficial to the health. A terpene called D-limonene produces their characteristic lemon smell and taste. Lemons contain significant amounts of citric acid; this is why they have a low pH and a sour taste. They contain Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) which is essential for human health. 100 milliliters of lemon juice contains approximately 50 milligrams of Vitamin C (55% of the recommended daily value) and 5 grams of citric acid.
Lemons can be processed to extract essential oils and essences. Lemon essential oil isolates include limonene (70%), terpinene, pinene, sabinene, myrcene, citral, linalool, geraniol, octanol, nonanol, citronellal, and bergamotene.[6]
Because of its high Vitamin C content, lemon has been touted in alternative medicine as a tonic for the digestive system, immune system, and skin.There is a belief in Ayurvedic medicine that a cup of hot water with lemon juice in it tonifies and purifies the liver.
In a Japanese study into the effects of aromatherapy, lemon essential oil in vapour form has been found to reduce stress in mice.[8]
Many other plants are noted to have a lemon-like taste or scent. Among them are Cymbopogon (lemon grass), Lemon balm, Lemon thyme, Lemon verbena, Scented geraniums, certain cultivars of basil, and certain cultivars of mint.
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The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic cation of the chemical formula NH4+. It has a molecular mass of 18.
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Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water.[1][2] This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers.
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| Lemon | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
) Citrus x limon Citrus x limon | ||||||||||
| Scientific classification | ||||||||||
| ||||||||||
| Binomial name | ||||||||||
| Citrus × limon (L.) Burm.f. | ||||||||||
History
The mention of the lemon in literature dates back to a tenth century Arabic treatise on farming, although it was probably first grown in Assam, India. The lemon was used as an ornamental plant in early Islamic gardens. Lemonade may have originated in medieval Egypt.[1] The name lemon was borrowed from Arabic līmūn لیمون through Italian & Old French.[2][3][4]In 1747, James Lind's experiments on seamen suffering from scurvy involved adding Vitamin C to their diets through lemon juice. [5]
Culinary uses
)
Pickled lemons, a Moroccan Jewish delicacy
The average lemon contains approximately 3 tablespoons of juice. Allowing lemons to come to room temperature before squeezing (or heating briefly in a microwave) makes the juice easier to extract. Lemons left unrefrigerated for long periods of time are susceptible to mold.
Fish are marinated in lemon juice to neutralize the odor. The acid neutralizes the amines in fish by converting them into nonvolatile ammonium salts.
Lemon juice, alone or in combination with other ingredients, is used to marinate meat before cooking: the acid provided by the juice partially hydrolyzes the tough collagen fibers in the meat (tenderizing the meat), though the juice does not have any antibiotic effects.
Lemons, alone or with oranges, are used to make marmalade. The grated rind of the lemon, called lemon zest, is used to add flavor to baked goods, puddings, rice and other dishes. Spicy pickled lemons are a Moroccan Jewish delicacy. A liqueur called limoncello is made from lemons.
When lemon juice is sprinkled on certain foods that tend to oxidize and turn brown after being sliced, such as apples, bananas and avocados, it acts as a short-term preservative.
Chemistry
)
Lemons and other citrus fruits contain vitamins and minerals that are beneficial to the health. A terpene called D-limonene produces their characteristic lemon smell and taste. Lemons contain significant amounts of citric acid; this is why they have a low pH and a sour taste. They contain Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) which is essential for human health. 100 milliliters of lemon juice contains approximately 50 milligrams of Vitamin C (55% of the recommended daily value) and 5 grams of citric acid.
Lemons can be processed to extract essential oils and essences. Lemon essential oil isolates include limonene (70%), terpinene, pinene, sabinene, myrcene, citral, linalool, geraniol, octanol, nonanol, citronellal, and bergamotene.[6]
Health benefits
Some sources state that lemons contain unique flavonoid compounds that have antioxidant and anti-cancer properties.[7] These may be able to deter cell growth in cancers. Limonins found in lemons could also be anti-carcinogens.| Lemon, raw, without peel Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy 0 kcal 0 kJ | ||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
| Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. |
Non-culinary uses
- Lemon battery - A popular science experiment in schools involves attaching an electrode to the lemon and using it as a battery to power a light. The electricity generated in this way can also power a small motor. These experiments also work with other fruits and vegetables.
- Lemon hair lightener - Lemon juice applied to the hair is a natural hair lightener.
- Insecticide - The D-limonene in lemon oil is used as a non-toxic insecticide treatment. See orange oil.
- Acne Treatment - Applying lemon juice to facial blemishes is a popular form of treating acne.
- Skin bleach - Lemon juice is also believed by many to lighten the skin when applied topically, as it has been suggested that the acids it contains inhibits melanin production.[9] The effectiveness, however, is largely a subject of debate.
- Lemon is used in facial masks for refreshing the skin.
Lemon alternatives
Several other plants have a similar taste to lemons. In recent times, the Australian bush food Lemon myrtle has become a popular alternative to lemons.[10] The crushed and dried leaves and edible essential oils have a strong, sweet lemon taste, but contain no citric acid. Lemon myrtle is popular in foods that curdle with lemon juice, such as cheesecake and ice cream. Limes are often used instead of lemons.Many other plants are noted to have a lemon-like taste or scent. Among them are Cymbopogon (lemon grass), Lemon balm, Lemon thyme, Lemon verbena, Scented geraniums, certain cultivars of basil, and certain cultivars of mint.
)
Lemon and lime output in 2005
References
1. ^ [1]
2. ^ [2]
3. ^ [3]
4. ^ [4]
5. ^ [5]
6. ^ Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, ISBN 1-85230-661-0
7. ^ Healthiest foods
8. ^ Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice.. PubMed.gov (2006-06-15). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
9. ^ [6]
10. ^ *Lemon Myrtle
2. ^ [2]
3. ^ [3]
4. ^ [4]
5. ^ [5]
6. ^ Lawless, J., The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Essential Oils, ISBN 1-85230-661-0
7. ^ Healthiest foods
8. ^ Lemon oil vapor causes an anti-stress effect via modulating the 5-HT and DA activities in mice.. PubMed.gov (2006-06-15). Retrieved on 2007-04-26.
9. ^ [6]
10. ^ *Lemon Myrtle
External links
- (Purdue University) Morton, Julia F. 1987. "Lemon". pp. 160–168, in Fruits of warm climates. (Julia F. Morton, Miami)
- PlantFiles: Citrus x meyeri 'Meyer'
A lemon is the citrus fruit from the tree Citrus limon.
Lemon can refer to:
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Lemon can refer to:
- lemon battery, is a battery made using a lemon.
- lemon (automobile) - a defective car. See also The Market for Lemons.
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Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions
Green algae
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Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions
Green algae
- Chlorophyta
- Charophyta
- Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)
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Magnoliophyta
Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Classes
Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Liliopsida - Monocots
The flowering plants or angiosperms are the most widespread group of land plants. The flowering plants and the gymnosperms comprise the two extant groups of seed plants.
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Magnoliopsida
Brongniart
Orders
See text.
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
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Brongniart
Orders
See text.
Dicotyledons, or "dicots", is a name for a group of flowering plants whose seed typically contains two embryonic leaves or cotyledons.
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Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. of the subclass will vary with the being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae. A well-known system that uses this name is the Cronquist system, and in the 1981, original, version of this system
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binomial nomenclature is the formal system of naming species. The system is also called binominal nomenclature (particularly in zoological circles), binary nomenclature (particularly in botanical circles), or the binomial classification system.
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Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)
Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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Carl von Linné, Alexander Roslin, 1775. Currently owned by and hanging at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
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hybrid has two meanings.[1]
The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses.
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The first meaning is the result of interbreeding between two animals or plants of different taxa. Hybrids between different species within the same genus are sometimes known as interspecific hybrids or crosses.
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fruit has different meanings depending on context. In botany, a fruit is the ripened ovary—together with seeds—of a flowering plant. In many species, the fruit incorporates the ripened ovary and surrounding tissues.
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JUICE is a widely used non-commercial software package for editing and analysing phytosociological data.
It was developed at the Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic in 1998, and is fully described in English manual.
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It was developed at the Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic in 1998, and is fully described in English manual.
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Pulp may mean:
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- Pulp (tooth), the central part of a tooth
- Pulp magazine or pulp fiction, inexpensive fiction magazines published from the 1920s through the 1950s, or paperbacks from the 1950s onwards
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Peel, also known as rind or skin, is the outer protective layer of a fruit or vegetable. Botanically, it is referred to as the exocarp, but this term also includes the hard cases of nuts, which are not considered to be peels.
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Zest is the outer, colorful skin of citrus fruit, known botanically as the exocarp. It is often used to add strong flavor to foods, such as lemon meringue pie, sorbets and salads.
Zest has become a synonym for spice, strong flavor or interesting taste.
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Zest has become a synonym for spice, strong flavor or interesting taste.
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Cooking is the act of preparing food for eating by the application of heat. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools and combinations of ingredients to alter the flavor or digestibility of food.
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Baking is the technique of prolonged cooking of food by dry heat acting by conduction, and not by radiation, normally in an oven, but also in hot ashes, or on hot stones.[1] It is primarily used for the preparation of bread, cakes, pastries and pies, tarts, and quiches.
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ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably. In the context of databases, a single logical operation on the data is called a transaction.
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al-‘Arabiyyah in written Arabic (Kufic script):
Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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Pronunciation: /alˌʕa.raˈbij.ja/
Spoken in: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,
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James Lind (1716 in Edinburgh – 1794 in Gosport) was the pioneer of naval hygiene in the Royal Navy. By conducting what was perhaps the first ever clinical trial, he proved that citrus fruits cure scurvy.
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Scurvy
Classification & external resources
Scorbutic gums, a symptom of scurvy
ICD-10 E 54.
ICD-9 267
OMIM 240400
DiseasesDB 13930
MedlinePlus 000355
eMedicine med/2086 derm/521 ped/2073 radio/628
MeSH D012614 Scurvy
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Classification & external resources
Scorbutic gums, a symptom of scurvy
ICD-10 E 54.
ICD-9 267
OMIM 240400
DiseasesDB 13930
MedlinePlus 000355
eMedicine med/2086 derm/521 ped/2073 radio/628
MeSH D012614 Scurvy
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Lemonade is a name given to two different types of juice. In the U.S., Canada and Denmark, lemonade refers to an uncarbonated mixture of lemon juice, sugar, and water.
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- For other uses see Garnish (disambiguation)
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This article is written like a personal reflection or and may require .
Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this article in an . (, talk)
Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this article in an . (, talk)
This article is about the drink. For the rapper, see Ice T.
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The term soft drink (more commonly known as soda, pop, or soda pop in parts of the United States and Canada, or fizzy drinks in the U.K.[1]) refers to carbonated drinks that do not contain alcohol.
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microwave oven, or microwave, is a kitchen appliance employing microwave radiation primarily to cook or heat food. Microwave ovens have revolutionized food preparation since their use became widespread in the 1970s.
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Molds (or moulds, see spelling differences) include all species of microscopic fungi that grow in the form of multicellular filaments, called hyphae.[1] In contrast, microscopic fungi that grow as single cells are called yeasts.
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Amines are organic compounds and a type of functional group that contain nitrogen as the key atom. Structurally amines resemble ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups.
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- Ammonium is also an old name for the Siwa Oasis in western Egypt.
The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic cation of the chemical formula NH4+. It has a molecular mass of 18.
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- :Not to be confused with electrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is broken down by reaction with water.[1][2] This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers.
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