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Information about Kidney Failure


Classification & external resources
ICD-10N17.-N19.
ICD-9584-585
DiseasesDB26060
MeSHC12.777.419.780.500
Renal failure or kidney failure is the condition in which the kidneys fail to function adequately.

Biochemically, it is typically detected by an elevated serum creatinine. In the science of physiology, renal failure is described as a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.

Classification

Renal failure can broadly be divided into two categories: acute renal failure and chronic kidney disease.

The type of renal failure (acute vs. chronic) is determined by the trend in the serum creatinine. Other factors which may help differentiate acute and chronic kidney disease include the presence of anemia and the kidney size on ultrasound. Long-standing, i.e. chronic, kidney disease generally leads to anemia and small kidney size.

Acute renal failure

Main article: Acute renal failure
Acute renal failure (ARF) is, as the name implies, a rapidly progressive loss of renal function, generally characterised by oliguria (decreased urine production, quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults,[1] less than 0.5 mL/kg/h in children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants); body water and body fluids disturbances; and electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must be identified to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes. ARF can result from a large number of causes.

Chronic kidney disease

Main article: Chronic kidney disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) can either develop slowly and show few initial symptoms, be the long term result of irreversible acute disease or be part of a disease progression. There are many causes of CKD. The most common cause is diabetes mellitus. Stage 1 CKD is mildly diminished renal function, with few overt symptoms. Stage 5 CKD is a severe illness and requires some form of renal replacement therapy (dialysis or renal transplant).

Acute on chronic renal failure

Acute renal failure can be present on top of chronic renal failure. This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure (AoCRF). The acute part of AoCRF may be reversible and the aim of treatment, as with ARF, is to return the patient to their baseline renal function, which is typically measured by serum creatinine. AoCRF, like ARF, can be difficult to distinguish from chronic renal failure, if the patient has not been monitored by a physician and no baseline (i.e., past) blood work is available for comparison.

Use of the term uremia

Before the advancement of modern medicine, renal failure was often referred to as uremic poisoning. Uremia was the term used to describe the contamination of the blood with urine. Starting around 1847, this term was used to describe reduced urine output, that was thought to be caused by the urine mixing with the blood instead of being voided through the urethra. The term uremia is now used to loosely describe the illness accompanying kidney failure.[2]

References

1. ^ Klahr S, Miller S (1998). "Acute oliguria.". N Engl J Med 338 (10): 671-5. PMID 9486997.  Free Full Text.
2. ^ Meyer TW and Hostetter, TH (2007). "Uremia". N Engl J Med 357 (13): 1316. PMID 17898101.  Full text.

External links

 •  • [ e]
Health science - Medicine - Urinary system - Pathology - Nephrology (, )
Diseases of the glomerulusGlomerulonephritis - Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - Membranous glomerulonephritis - Nephritic syndrome - Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis - Nephrotic syndrome (Minimal change disease) - IgA nephropathy - Lupus nephritis - Diabetic nephropathy
Tubulointerstitial diseases of the kidneyInterstitial nephritis - Pyelonephritis - Hydronephrosis - Pyonephrosis - Balkan nephropathy - Reflux nephropathy
Renal failureAcute renal failure - Chronic renal failure
Diseases of the renal tubule and
other disorders of kidney and ureter		tubule (Fanconi syndrome - renal tubular acidosis - renal cell carcinoma - pseudohypoaldosteronism) - Renal osteodystrophy - Nephroptosis - Ureterocele
Other diseases and
disorders of urinary system		Cystitis (Interstitial cystitis, Trigonitis) - Neurogenic bladder - Vesicointestinal fistula - Urethritis - Urethral stricture - Urinary tract infection - Kidney stone
Tumours of the kidneyRenal cell carcinoma - Wilms' tumor (children)
See also conditions (, )
For other uses of "ICD", see ICD (disambiguation).


The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD
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List of ICD-10 codes. The version for 2007 is available online at [1]

Chapter Blocks Title
I Certain infectious and parasitic diseases
II Neoplasms
III Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders involving the immune mechanism
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For other uses of "ICD", see ICD (disambiguation).


The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD
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The following is a list of codes for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. These codes are in the public domain.

See also


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The Diseases Database is a free website that provides information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications.

It directly integrates the Unified Medical Language System.

External links

  • Diseases Database

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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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The kidneys are organs that filter wastes (such as urea) from the blood and excrete them, along with water, as urine. The medical field that studies the kidneys and diseases of the kidney is called nephrology[1].
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Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body (depending on muscle mass).

Physiology

Creatinine is mainly filtered by the kidney, though a small amount is actively secreted.
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Science (from the Latin scientia, 'knowledge'), in the broadest sense, refers to any systematic knowledge or practice.[1] Examples of the broader use included political science and computer science, which are not incorrectly named, but rather named according to
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Physiology (from Greek: φυσις, physis, “nature, origin”; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the study of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms.
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Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time.[1] Clinically, this is often measured to determine renal function. Compare to filtration fraction.
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In medicine, an acute disease is a disease with either or both of:
  1. a rapid onset;
  2. a short course (as opposed to a chronic course).


This adjective is part of the definition of several diseases and is, therefore, incorporated in their name, for instance,
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MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also know as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages.
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Anemia
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 D 50. -D 64.
ICD-9 280 - 285

DiseasesDB 663
MedlinePlus 000560
eMedicine med/132   emerg/808 emerg/734
MeSH D000740

Anemia (AmE) or anæmia/anaemia
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Medical ultrasonography (sonography) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used to visualize muscles and internal organs, their size, structures and possible pathologies or lesions.
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Acute renal failure
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 N 17.
ICD-9 584

DiseasesDB 11263
MedlinePlus 000501
eMedicine med/1595  
MeSH D007675 Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney failure
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Acute renal failure
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 N 17.
ICD-9 584

DiseasesDB 11263
MedlinePlus 000501
eMedicine med/1595  
MeSH D007675 Acute renal failure (ARF), also known as acute kidney failure
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In medicine (nephrology) renal function is an indication of the state of the kidney and its role in physiology.

Indirect markers

Most doctors use the plasma concentrations of creatinine, urea, and electrolytes to determine renal function.
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Oliguria
Classifications and external resources

ICD-10 R 34.
ICD-9 788.5

Oliguria and anuria are the decreased or absent production of urine, respectively.
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Urine is a liquid produced by animals through the kidney, and is collected in the bladder and excreted through the urethra.

Urine formation helps to maintain the balance of minerals and other substances in the body.
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The litre or liter (see spelling differences) is a unit of volume. There are two official symbols, namely the Latin letter L both in lower and upper case: l and L.
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A significant fraction of the human body is water. This body water is distributed in different compartments in the body. Lean muscle tissue contains about 75% water. Blood contains 83% water, body fat contains 25% water and bone has 22% water.
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An electrolyte is a substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium. Because they generally consist of ions in solution, electrolytes are also known as ionic solutions, but molten electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also possible.
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dialysis is primarily used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function (renal replacement therapy) due to renal failure. Dialysis may be used for very sick patients who have suddenly but temporarily, lost their kidney function (acute renal failure) or for quite
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MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also know as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages.
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MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also know as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages.
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Diabetes mellitus
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 E 10. –E 14.
ICD-9 250

MedlinePlus 001214
eMedicine med/546   emerg/134

MeSH C18.452.394.
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MeSH D007676 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), also know as chronic renal disease, is a progressive loss of renal function over a period of months or years through five stages.
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dialysis is primarily used to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function (renal replacement therapy) due to renal failure. Dialysis may be used for very sick patients who have suddenly but temporarily, lost their kidney function (acute renal failure) or for quite
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Kidney transplantation or renal transplantation is the organ transplant of a kidney in a patient with end-stage renal disease.
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