Information about Justice Of The Peace
A justice of the peace (JP) is a puisne judicial officer appointed by means of a commission to keep the peace. Depending on the jurisdiction, they might dispense summary justice and deal with local administrative applications in common law jurisdictions. Justices of the peace are appointed or elected from the citizens of the jurisdiction in which they serve, and are (or were) usually not required to have a formal legal education in order to qualify for the office. Some jurisdictions have varying forms of training for JPs (for example Queensland, Australia, and the UK).
An Act of 1327 had referred to "good and lawful men" to be appointed in every county in the land to "guard the peace"; such individuals were first referred to as Conservators of the Peace, or Wardens of the Peace. The title "justices of the peace" derives from 1361, in the reign of King Edward III Plantagenet. The "peace" to be guarded is the "King's peace" or (currently) Queen's peace, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them in 1361 to bind over unruly persons "to be of good behaviour." The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so.
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it. This was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown.
Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level. They fixed wages, regulated food supplies, built and controlled roads and bridges, and undertook to provide and supervise locally those services mandated by the Crown and Parliament for the welfare of the county.
Being an unpaid office, undertaken more for the sake of renown and to confirm the justice's standing within the community, the justice was typically a member of the gentry. The justice of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid stipendiary magistrate.
Women were not allowed to become JPs until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, who was a JP by virtue of her office. Now in Britain 50% of JPs - also usually known as magistrates - are women,
In special circumstances, a Justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact 'gubernatorial', in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concession Land, a gold-mining concession (territory) in the Matabele kingdom, until its annexation by the British Bechuanaland protectorate.
Magistrates' courts today can deal with minor offences (fines of up to £5,000 and imprisonment of up to twelve months) and handle over 95% of the criminal cases in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. With more serious offences, magistrates are responsible for indictment and committal to the Crown Court (a task in former times dealt with by a grand jury). Magistrates also have some limited civil jurisdiction, such as licensing applications, although these functions were removed from them under the Licensing Act 2003.
Until the Courts Act 2003 came into force, magistrates were tied to a particular area (see magistrates' court committee, commission area, petty sessions area). This has now been changed such that they are assigned to local justice areas, but less strongly.
The Justices of the Peace Act 1997 provides the current framework for appointment of the justices, which is done by the Lord Chancellor in the name of Her Majesty. Justices can also be removed by the same mechanism. District judges (magistrates' court) must have a "7 years' general qualification", and are appointed by Her Majesty on the advice of the Lord Chancellor.
In Glasgow, the volume of business requires the employment of three solicitors as "stipendiary magistrates" who sit in place of the lay justices. The stipendiary magistrates' court has the same sentencing power as the summary sheriff court. However, in 2006, the Scottish Executive announced its intention to unify the management of the sheriff and district courts in Scotland, but retaining lay justices, as part of its initiative to create a unified judiciary under the Lord President.
Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, but this is largely dependent on local legislation.
Documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of a justice of the peace exists. Notary publics are appointed from amongst the ranks of solicitors and barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society.
Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace (magistrates' court), usually in remote aboriginal communities, to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendary magistrate.
Justices of the peace
Justices of the peace (JPs) provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits. JPs are recommended by the state Attorney-General and appointed by the Governor-General in Council, and it is their job to authorise and witness statutory declarations and affidavits within the state of Victoria. There are currently more than 4,000 JPs serving in all areas of the state.
Bail justices
The role of a bail justice is to hear bail applications (under the Bail Act 1977) and to hear applications for interim accommodation orders for children (under the Children and Young Persons Act 1989) within Victoria. Bail justices, once appointed, may remain in their role until they turn 70 years of age (although they must be under 65 at the time of their appointment). They are often required to attend call outs and rule on bail applications or protection applications for children in danger on weekends and late at night when the courts are closed, but they can also witness Victorian statutory declarations and affidavits. Candidates must successfully complete a three-day training course run by Victoria Police, the Magistrates' Court, and the Department of Justice. Bail justices also have some limited powers under federal legislation, including the power to conduct interstate extradition hearings and extending question time for federal police.
Source: [1]
This aspect aside, justices of the peace in NSW typically receive stat decs and affidavits - primarily administrative tasks.
Justices of the peace can be located in courthouses, municipal councils, and many public service offices. The New South Wales Government provides a web service that allows people to locate a suitable JP: here.
A justice of the peace (JP) in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations, affidavits, waiver rights, search warrants, drug warrants, divorce documents, and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of power of attorney and guardianship documents, providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory.
Special justices are a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia, they sit casually on the bench of the magistrates' court hearing cases in the petty division.
The South Australian Attorney-General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace: [2]
Canada is a vast country and JPs are often the only magistrates in some regions. In the Northwest Territories, JPs are regularly assigned to hear federal crimes. However, in more populated provinces JPs usually only preside over routine items such as bail hearings and minor traffic violations. When not in a court session, a JP can perform other judicial functions, such as issuing search warrants. JPs are not required to have a legal background, but some critics suggest their lack of legal experience impacts the efficient delivery of justice.
They also have certain powers to issue search warrants, and (in conjunction with another justice of the peace) may try minor criminal trials in the district court and exercise powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.
The Justice of the Peace, or solicitor general, typically presides over a court that hears misdemeanor cases, traffic violation and other petty criminal infractions. The Justice of the Peace may also have authority over cases involving small debts, landlord and tenant disputes, or other small claims court proceedings. Proceedings before Justices of the Peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a Justice of the Peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered.
The Justice of the Peace is also the judge to whom parties seeking a civil marriage can repair. In the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Justices of the Peace are often called on to perform marriages, and especially same-sex marriages which certain religious officials are not willing to do. In Connecticut, justices of the peace can preside over same-sex civil unions which became legal in October 2005. Unlike Massachusetts, Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies.
In Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, Justices of the Peace have the same general oath giving powers as a notary public.
In New Hampshire, Justices of the Peace are commissioned magisterial officers, appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years, with the power to administer oaths, acknowledge instruments, perform marriage ceremonies [4] and, effective January 1, 2008, solemnize civil unions for same-sex couples. [5] They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause, [6] act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services, [7] administer oaths of office to public officials, [8] [9] take depositions [10] and issue subpoenas. [11] [12] New Hampshire Justices of the Peace are also authorized, upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit, to issue arrest warrants, [13] [14] search warrants,[15] administrative inspection warrants [16] and by court appointment, to fix and receive bail in criminal cases. [17] [18] [19]
In Arkansas, a Justice of the Peace is an elected official equivalent to a county commissioner or county supervisor. Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court, comprised of 11, 13 or 15 JPs. The quorum court is a part-time body, elected from single-member districts, that has overall responsibility for county affairs. Among their responsibilities are passing the budget, creating new ordinances (at the misdemeanor level), setting property tax millage levels, and working with other elected officials. The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county judge. Neither JPs nor the county judge has any judicial authority, other than the right to preside over civil marriages. Justices of the Peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices.
In many states the office of Justice of the Peace has been abolished or transferred to another court, such as the magistrate court. In larger cities, cases may be held in a municipal court which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of Justice of the Peace have been led by the American Bar Association, an organization of America's attorneys, who view non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are more people now with formal legal education than there were when JPs were common.
In the USA, many speeding ticket trials are handled by a magistrate or a Justice of the Peace.
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History
In 1195, Richard I ("the Lionheart") of England commissioned certain knights to preserve the peace in unruly areas. They were responsible to the King for ensuring that the law was upheld, and preserved the "King's Peace", and were known as Keepers of the Peace.An Act of 1327 had referred to "good and lawful men" to be appointed in every county in the land to "guard the peace"; such individuals were first referred to as Conservators of the Peace, or Wardens of the Peace. The title "justices of the peace" derives from 1361, in the reign of King Edward III Plantagenet. The "peace" to be guarded is the "King's peace" or (currently) Queen's peace, the maintenance of which is the duty of the Crown under the royal prerogative. Justices of the peace still use the power conferred or re-conferred on them in 1361 to bind over unruly persons "to be of good behaviour." The bind over is not a punishment, but a preventive measure, intended to ensure that people thought likely to offend will not do so.
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 stripped the power to appoint normal JPs from those municipal corporations that had it. This was replaced by the present system, where the Lord Chancellor nominates candidates with local advice, for appointment by the Crown.
Until the introduction of elected county councils in the 19th century, JPs, in Quarter Sessions, also administered the county at a local level. They fixed wages, regulated food supplies, built and controlled roads and bridges, and undertook to provide and supervise locally those services mandated by the Crown and Parliament for the welfare of the county.
Being an unpaid office, undertaken more for the sake of renown and to confirm the justice's standing within the community, the justice was typically a member of the gentry. The justice of the peace conducted arraignments in all criminal cases, and tried misdemeanours and infractions of local ordinances and bylaws. Towns and boroughs with enough burdensome judicial business that could not find volunteers for the unpaid role of justice of the peace had to petition the Crown for authority to hire a paid stipendiary magistrate.
Women were not allowed to become JPs until 1919, the first woman being Ada Summers, the Mayor of Stalybridge, who was a JP by virtue of her office. Now in Britain 50% of JPs - also usually known as magistrates - are women,
In special circumstances, a Justice of the peace can be the highest governmental representative, so in fact 'gubernatorial', in a colonial entity. This was the case in the Tati Concession Land, a gold-mining concession (territory) in the Matabele kingdom, until its annexation by the British Bechuanaland protectorate.
Modern use in the Commonwealth tradition
United Kingdom
England and Wales
A magistrates' court in England and Wales is composed of a bench of (usually three) JPs or magistrates, who dispense summary justice: that is they decide on offences which carry up to six months in prison. They are advised on points of law by a legally-qualified clerk. No formal qualifications are required but magistrates need intelligence, common sense, integrity and the capacity to act fairly. Membership is widely spread throughout the local area and drawn from all walks of life. All magistrates are carefully trained before sitting and continue to receive training throughout their service. Magistrates are unpaid volunteers but they may receive allowances to cover travelling expenses and subsistence. Lay justices or magistrates sit for a minimum of 26 sessions (half-days) per year, but some sit as much as a day a week. In addition to the lay justices, there are a small number of 'district judges (magistrates' court)' (formerly known as 'stipendiary magistrates'). These are legally-qualified, full-time members of the magistracy and hear cases alone, without any other magistrates on the bench. It is important to distinguish the district judge magistrates' court from the district judges who usually sit in the county court.Magistrates' courts today can deal with minor offences (fines of up to £5,000 and imprisonment of up to twelve months) and handle over 95% of the criminal cases in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. With more serious offences, magistrates are responsible for indictment and committal to the Crown Court (a task in former times dealt with by a grand jury). Magistrates also have some limited civil jurisdiction, such as licensing applications, although these functions were removed from them under the Licensing Act 2003.
Until the Courts Act 2003 came into force, magistrates were tied to a particular area (see magistrates' court committee, commission area, petty sessions area). This has now been changed such that they are assigned to local justice areas, but less strongly.
The Justices of the Peace Act 1997 provides the current framework for appointment of the justices, which is done by the Lord Chancellor in the name of Her Majesty. Justices can also be removed by the same mechanism. District judges (magistrates' court) must have a "7 years' general qualification", and are appointed by Her Majesty on the advice of the Lord Chancellor.
Scotland
Within the Scottish legal system justices of the peace are lay magistrates who currently sit in the Scottish District Courts. These courts were introduced in 1975 as replacement for burgh police courts. Justices sit alone or in threes with a qualified legal assessor as convener or clerk of court. They handle many cases of breach of the peace, drunkenness, minor assaults, petty theft, and offences under the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982.In Glasgow, the volume of business requires the employment of three solicitors as "stipendiary magistrates" who sit in place of the lay justices. The stipendiary magistrates' court has the same sentencing power as the summary sheriff court. However, in 2006, the Scottish Executive announced its intention to unify the management of the sheriff and district courts in Scotland, but retaining lay justices, as part of its initiative to create a unified judiciary under the Lord President.
Australia
A justice of the peace in Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorized to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits and to certify copies of original documents. Criteria for appointment vary widely, depending on the state. For example, in Queensland, a justice of the peace (qualified) must complete an exam prior to being eligible for appointment, whereas in Victoria, a person need only prove good character by way of references.Generally speaking, a justice of the peace cannot act in relation to a document which is to be used in a foreign country. One exception to this, however, is that countries in the Commonwealth frequently accept documents so certified, but this is largely dependent on local legislation.
Documents which are to be used in a foreign country that does not provide for a foreign JP to witness them should be dealt with by a notary public. This is the same for all countries where the office of a justice of the peace exists. Notary publics are appointed from amongst the ranks of solicitors and barristers, and the best way to locate one is to contact your local law society.
Queensland
In the state of Queensland, a "justice of the peace (qualified)" has the additional powers to issue search warrants, arrest warrants, justices examination orders, and (in conjunction with another justice of the peace (qualified) constitute a magistrates' court and exercise powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.Some justices are appointed as justice of the peace (magistrates' court), usually in remote aboriginal communities, to perform many of the functions that might otherwise fall to a stipendary magistrate.
Victoria
Justices of the peace and bail justices are appointed to serve a semi-judicial function in all areas of the Victorian community. The main official roles they play in the Victorian community include witnessing statutory declarations, witnessing affidavits and hearing bail matters outside court hours (bail justices only).Justices of the peace
Justices of the peace (JPs) provide a service to the community as independent witnesses of statutory declarations, powers of attorney and affidavits. JPs are recommended by the state Attorney-General and appointed by the Governor-General in Council, and it is their job to authorise and witness statutory declarations and affidavits within the state of Victoria. There are currently more than 4,000 JPs serving in all areas of the state.
Bail justices
The role of a bail justice is to hear bail applications (under the Bail Act 1977) and to hear applications for interim accommodation orders for children (under the Children and Young Persons Act 1989) within Victoria. Bail justices, once appointed, may remain in their role until they turn 70 years of age (although they must be under 65 at the time of their appointment). They are often required to attend call outs and rule on bail applications or protection applications for children in danger on weekends and late at night when the courts are closed, but they can also witness Victorian statutory declarations and affidavits. Candidates must successfully complete a three-day training course run by Victoria Police, the Magistrates' Court, and the Department of Justice. Bail justices also have some limited powers under federal legislation, including the power to conduct interstate extradition hearings and extending question time for federal police.
Source: [1]
New South Wales
Justices of the peace perform few judicial functions, if any, in New South Wales. Those justices employed by the Attorney-General's Department can issue some kinds of warrant, and perform minor judicial functions such as granting bail outside normal court sitting hours. These powers are increasingly being transferred to Registrars of the Local Court, who (usually, but not always) have legal qualifications.This aspect aside, justices of the peace in NSW typically receive stat decs and affidavits - primarily administrative tasks.
Justices of the peace can be located in courthouses, municipal councils, and many public service offices. The New South Wales Government provides a web service that allows people to locate a suitable JP: here.
South Australia
In South Australia, there are two types of justices: justices of the peace and special justices.A justice of the peace (JP) in South Australia is typically someone of good stature in the community who is authorised to witness and sign statutory declarations, affidavits, waiver rights, search warrants, drug warrants, divorce documents, and to certify copies of original documents and to witness the signing of power of attorney and guardianship documents, providing the JP is satisfied with the capability of the signatory.
Special justices are a higher level of justice of the peace in South Australia, they sit casually on the bench of the magistrates' court hearing cases in the petty division.
The South Australian Attorney-General has set up a web site to locate justices of the peace: [2]
Canada
In Canada, justices of the peace (JP) play a key role in the administration of justice at the provincial level. JPs are appointed by the lieutenant governors of Canada's provinces, and by the commissioners of Canada's territories, on the advice of their relevant premier.Canada is a vast country and JPs are often the only magistrates in some regions. In the Northwest Territories, JPs are regularly assigned to hear federal crimes. However, in more populated provinces JPs usually only preside over routine items such as bail hearings and minor traffic violations. When not in a court session, a JP can perform other judicial functions, such as issuing search warrants. JPs are not required to have a legal background, but some critics suggest their lack of legal experience impacts the efficient delivery of justice.
- In Ontario, native JPs are being added to deal with legal processes for aboriginal people.
- In British Columbia, purusant to the Provincial Court Act, all judges are JPs and hence all of them are Peace Officers.
Links
- JP- BC
- JP - British Columbia JP Job Description
- Manitoba JP law
- Nova Scotia JP
- JP - Ontario
- JP - Saskatchewan
Hong Kong
In Hong Kong, this historical functions of justices of the peace have been replaced by full-time, legally-qualified magistrates. Nowadays, justices of the peace are essentially titles of honour given by the Government to community leaders, and to certain officials while they are in their terms of offices. They have no judicial functions, and their main duties include visiting prisons, institutions for young offenders and drug addicts, psychiatric hospitals, remand homes, places of refuge, reception and detention centres [3], and administering statutory declarations.Jamaica
A justice of the peace (JP), according to the Ministry of Justice, is a person of unquestionable integrity who seeks to promote and protect the rights of the individual and helps to provide justice to persons in a particular community. Additionally, the JP serves as a justice in petty court sessions, attends juvenile court sessions, issues summonses, considers applications for bail, explains and signs legal documents, sits on licensing panels, and gives counsel/advice. Any Jamaican citizen that can speak and write English is eligible to become a JP. Any club/organisation/citizen can recommend someone to become JP for a community. JPs are chosen under the Governor-General's discretion.Malaysia
In Malaysia, justices of the peace have largely been replaced in magistrates' courts by legally-qualified (first-class) stipendiary magistrates. However, state governments continue to appoint Justices of the Peace as honours. In 2004, some associations of justices of the peace pressed the federal government to allow justices of the peace to sit as second-class magistrates in order to reduce the backlog of cases in the courts.New Zealand
A justice of the peace in New Zealand is someone of good stature in the community who is authorized to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits.They also have certain powers to issue search warrants, and (in conjunction with another justice of the peace) may try minor criminal trials in the district court and exercise powers to remand defendants in custody, grant bail, and adjourn court hearings.
Sri Lanka
A Justice of the Peace (JP) is an honorary post, with authorization to witness and sign statutory declarations and affidavits. JPs are chosen under the Minister of Justice's discretion. Any citizen of Sri Lanka can apply to the Ministry of Justice giving his or her credentials to be appointed as a Justice of Peace. However, the applicant should be one who has served the public and carries out social service and should be of good standing. Mostly the Minister of Justice appoint Justices of the Peace as honours.United States
In some U.S. states, the Justice of the Peace is a judge of a court of limited jurisdiction, a magistrate, or a quasi-judicial official with certain statutory or common law magisterial powers.The Justice of the Peace, or solicitor general, typically presides over a court that hears misdemeanor cases, traffic violation and other petty criminal infractions. The Justice of the Peace may also have authority over cases involving small debts, landlord and tenant disputes, or other small claims court proceedings. Proceedings before Justices of the Peace are often faster and less formal than the proceedings in other courts. In some jurisdictions a party convicted or found liable before a Justice of the Peace may have the right to a trial de novo before the judge of a higher court rather than an appeal strictly considered.
The Justice of the Peace is also the judge to whom parties seeking a civil marriage can repair. In the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Justices of the Peace are often called on to perform marriages, and especially same-sex marriages which certain religious officials are not willing to do. In Connecticut, justices of the peace can preside over same-sex civil unions which became legal in October 2005. Unlike Massachusetts, Connecticut JPs are not penalized for refusing to perform such ceremonies.
In Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont, Justices of the Peace have the same general oath giving powers as a notary public.
In New Hampshire, Justices of the Peace are commissioned magisterial officers, appointed by the Governor and Executive Council to terms of five years, with the power to administer oaths, acknowledge instruments, perform marriage ceremonies [4] and, effective January 1, 2008, solemnize civil unions for same-sex couples. [5] They may also order compulsory mental examinations for good cause, [6] act as a magisterial official regarding enforcement complaints on orders for isolation or quarantine issued by the Commissioner of Health and Human Services, [7] administer oaths of office to public officials, [8] [9] take depositions [10] and issue subpoenas. [11] [12] New Hampshire Justices of the Peace are also authorized, upon a showing of probable cause supported by affidavit, to issue arrest warrants, [13] [14] search warrants,[15] administrative inspection warrants [16] and by court appointment, to fix and receive bail in criminal cases. [17] [18] [19]
In Arkansas, a Justice of the Peace is an elected official equivalent to a county commissioner or county supervisor. Arkansas JPs sit on a county quorum court, comprised of 11, 13 or 15 JPs. The quorum court is a part-time body, elected from single-member districts, that has overall responsibility for county affairs. Among their responsibilities are passing the budget, creating new ordinances (at the misdemeanor level), setting property tax millage levels, and working with other elected officials. The full-time elected county administrator, who presides over the quorum court, is the county judge. Neither JPs nor the county judge has any judicial authority, other than the right to preside over civil marriages. Justices of the Peace are elected every two years to these partisan offices.
In many states the office of Justice of the Peace has been abolished or transferred to another court, such as the magistrate court. In larger cities, cases may be held in a municipal court which has jurisdiction only within that city. Most efforts to abolish the office of Justice of the Peace have been led by the American Bar Association, an organization of America's attorneys, who view non-lawyer judges as no longer necessary, as there are more people now with formal legal education than there were when JPs were common.
In the USA, many speeding ticket trials are handled by a magistrate or a Justice of the Peace.
See also
- District Courts in Scotland
- Notary public
- Magistrate
- Canadian law
- Solicitor General
Sources and external links
Australia- Australian Council of Justices' Associations
- ACT Justices of the Peace Association Inc.
- Department of Justice, Tasmania - Justice of the Peace Guide
- New South Wales Justices Association
- The Northern NSW Federation of Justices of the Peace Inc.
- Northern Territory Department of Justice - Justice for the Peace and Commissioner of Oaths
- Queensland JP site
- Queensland Justices Association
- South Australian Attorney-General's Department
- Royal Association of Justices of South Australia Inc.
- Royal Victorian Association of Honorary Justices
- Royal Association of Justices of Western Australia (Inc.)
- Courts of Saskatchewan - Justices of the Peace
- Justices of the Peace Review Council - Ontario
- Provincial Court of British Columbia - Justice of the Peace
- Yukon Courts - Justice of the Peace
- Delaware Justice of the Peace Court
- Justices of the Peace and Constables Association of Texas
- Louisiana Justices of the Peace and Constables Association
- Massachusetts Justices of the Peace Association, Inc.
- Oregon Justices of the Peace Association
- Vermont Secretary of State JP Guide
- NH Justice of the Peace A-List
- West Haven Justice of the Peace (Connecticut)
Puisne (from Old French puisne, modern puîné, later born, inferior; Lat. postea, afterwards, and natus, born) is a term in law meaning " inferior in rank.
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A judge or justice is an official who presides over a court. The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different jurisdictions.
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Letters patent are a type of legal instrument in the form of an open letter issued by a monarch or government, granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or to some entity such as a corporation. The opposite of letters patent (Lat.
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Summary justice refers to the trial and punishment of suspected offenders without recourse to a more formal and protracted trial (for example a jury trial) under the legal system. It is also a term sometimes used to describe or justify vigilantism.
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In common law legal systems, the law is created and/or refined by judges: a decision in the case currently pending depends on decisions in previous cases and affects the law to be applied in future cases.
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Queensland
Flag Coat of Arms
Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State
Motto(s): "Audax at Fidelis" (Bold but Faithful)
Other Australian states and territories
Capital Brisbane
Government Constitutional monarchy
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Flag Coat of Arms
Slogan or Nickname: Sunshine State, Smart State
Motto(s): "Audax at Fidelis" (Bold but Faithful)
Other Australian states and territories
Capital Brisbane
Government Constitutional monarchy
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Motto
"Dieu et mon droit" [2] (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
"God Save the Queen" [3]
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"Dieu et mon droit" [2] (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
"God Save the Queen" [3]
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Richard I
By the Grace of God, King of the English, Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians, Count of the Angevins
Reign 6 July 1189 – 6 April 1199
Coronation 3 September 1189
Born 8 September 1157
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By the Grace of God, King of the English, Duke of the Normans and Aquitanians, Count of the Angevins
Reign 6 July 1189 – 6 April 1199
Coronation 3 September 1189
Born 8 September 1157
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Motto
Dieu et mon droit (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
No official anthem specific to England — the anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the Queen".
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Dieu et mon droit (French)
"God and my right"
Anthem
No official anthem specific to England — the anthem of the United Kingdom is "God Save the Queen".
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Knight is the English term for a social position originating in the Middle Ages. In the Commonwealth of Nations, knighthood is a non-heritable form of gentility, but is not nobility.
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King's peace may refer to:
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- Queen's peace, in English law
- Peace of Antalcidas, between Ancient Greek city-states and Persia
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should be added to this article, to conform with Wikipedia's Manual of Style.
Please discuss this issue on the talk page.
A Conservator of the Peace is defined as a public official authorized to conserve and maintain the public peace.
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Please discuss this issue on the talk page.
A Conservator of the Peace is defined as a public official authorized to conserve and maintain the public peace.
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Edward III
By the Grace of God, King of England
and France and Lord of Ireland
Reign 25 January 1327 – 21 June 1377
Coronation 1 February 1327
Born 13 November 1312
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By the Grace of God, King of England
and France and Lord of Ireland
Reign 25 January 1327 – 21 June 1377
Coronation 1 February 1327
Born 13 November 1312
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In English law, the Queen's peace (or King's peace, when a male monarch is on the throne) is the protection the monarch offers their subjects.
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Duty of the Crown to maintain peace
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The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government. It evolved naturally as a separation of the literal crown and property of the nation-state from the person and personal property of the monarch.
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The Royal Prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity, recognised in common law and, sometimes, in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy as belonging to the King or Queen alone.
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Acts of Parliament of predecessor
states to the United Kingdom
Acts of English Parliament to 1601
Acts of English Parliament to 1641
Acts and Ordinances (Interregnum) to 1660
Acts of English Parliament to 1699
Acts of English Parliament to 1706
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states to the United Kingdom
Acts of English Parliament to 1601
Acts of English Parliament to 1641
Acts and Ordinances (Interregnum) to 1660
Acts of English Parliament to 1699
Acts of English Parliament to 1706
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The Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, or Lord Chancellor is a senior and important functionary in the government of the United Kingdom. He is the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State and is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister.
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British monarchy is a system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, and holds the now constitutional position of head of state.
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A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a county. This term has slightly different meanings in different countries.
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Britain and Ireland
England and Wales
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The Courts of Quarter Sessions or Quarter Sessions were periodic courts held in each county and county borough in England and Wales until 1972, when together with the Assize courts they were abolished by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court of
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This article or section may be confusing or unclear for some readers.
Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since August 2007.
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Please [improve the article] or discuss this issue on the talk page. This article has been tagged since August 2007.
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Arraignment is a common law term for the formal reading of a criminal complaint, in the presence of the defendant, to inform him of the charges against him. In response to arraignment, the accused is expected to enter a plea.
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Criminal law
Part of the common law series
Elements of crimes
Actus reus · Causation · Concurrence
Mens rea · Intention (general)
Intention in English law · Recklessness
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Part of the common law series
Elements of crimes
Actus reus · Causation · Concurrence
Mens rea · Intention (general)
Intention in English law · Recklessness
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Criminal law
Part of the common law series
Elements of crimes
Actus reus · Causation · Concurrence
Mens rea · Intention (general)
Intention in English law · Recklessness
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Part of the common law series
Elements of crimes
Actus reus · Causation · Concurrence
Mens rea · Intention (general)
Intention in English law · Recklessness
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A local ordinance is a law usually found in a municipal code. In the United States, these laws are enforced locally in addition to state law and Federal law.
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See also
- Infraction
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A bylaw (sometimes also spelled by-law or byelaw) was originally the Viking town law in the Danelaw. Contrary to popular etymology the element by has nothing to do with the preposition by.
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Stalybridge
Population 22,568 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference
Metropolitan borough Tameside
Metropolitan county Greater Manchester
Region North West
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Population 22,568 (2001 Census)
OS grid reference
Metropolitan borough Tameside
Metropolitan county Greater Manchester
Region North West
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In international law, a concession is a territory within a country that is administered by another entity than the state which holds sovereignty over it. This is usually a colonizing power, or at least mandated by one, as in the case of colonial Chartered companies.
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Herod_Archelaus
